Se in ee tems ne tee me Ree me mts vee Ma ae tRE ET a= Bet: mE Aete yee TS ef ar aan eee
ere Gon tye pve ae aw eNOS ~~ Sop ee ee
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.
BULLETIN
OF
THE UNITED STATES
GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
THE TERRITORIES.
F. V. HAYDEN,
U. S. GHOLOGIST-IN-CHARGE.
1879-’80. WIEARNS COLLECTION VOLUME V. 7 ‘ae igaesa
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE. 1880.
U.S. GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES, Washington, September 20, 1880.
Bulletin No. 4, series of 1879~80, issued September 30, 1880, completes Volume V; and with this number are issued index, title-page, table of contents, and list of illustrations for the whole volume. The separately published numbers should be preserved for binding, as there is no issue of the Bulletins in bound volumes from this office, and as back numbers cannot always be supplied to complete deficient files.
In concluding the fifth volume of Bulletins, a word regarding the origin and progress of this publication will not be out of place. The issue began in 1874, when it was found desirable to establish more ready means of communication with the public and with scientific bodies than the regular Reports of the Survey afforded; the design being to publish, without the delay incident to the appearance of more elaborate and extended articles, such new or specially interesting matter as should be contributed to the general results of the Explorations under my charge by the members or the collaborators of the Survey. The practical im- portance of prompt measures in such cases is well recognized, and suffi- ciently attested by the success which the Bulletins have achieved.
The First and Second Bulletins, which appeared in 1874, are separately paged pamphlets, without ostensible connection with each other or with subsequent ones, but together constituting a “ First Series” of the pub-
lication. Bulletins which appeared in 1875, being those of a “Second
Series” and six in number, are continuously paged. With No. 6 were issued title, contents, index, &c., for all the numbers of both “series” which had then appeared; the design being that these should together constitute a Volume I, in order that the inconvenient distinction of ‘‘ series” might be dropped.
With Bulletin No. 1 of 1876 the publication was established as an annual serial; the four consecutively paged numbers of that year con- stituting Volume II.
The four Bulletins of 1877 constituted Volume III, which compared favorably with its, predecessors in the extent, variety, and importance of its contents, and was greatly improved in typography and general
appearance. ie lil
IV GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY.
The four Bulletins of 1878 formed Volume IV, which maintained the | same high standard of excellence.
Bulletins Nos. 1, 2, 3 of 1879 and No. 4 of 1880 complete Volume V, which is herewith offered to the public.
The sixth volume having been ordered by the Department, the Bul- letins will continue to be issued at convenient irregular intervals, as material may come to hand; the strictly serial character of the publica- tion being maintained. The actual date of issue is given on the tempo- — rary cover of each, as it is important to fix with precision the appear- ance of the successive numbers of a periodical in which new genera and species are described.
This publication, answering fully the special purpose for which it was established, is regarded as one of the most important means to the main ends which the Survey has had in view. It has acquired a character and standing which render it favorably comparable to the regular ‘ Pro- ceedings” or other similar publications of learned bodies of this country or Europe. Its scope includes the whole range of the subjects for the in- vestigation of which the Survey was conducted, and the appearance of which in this connection has in no way interfered with the formal Re- ports of the Survey. The volumes already issued have contained arti- cles upon Archeology, Ethnography, Linguistics, Geology, Topography, Geography, Paleontology, and Natural History in general, suitably — illustrated with plates, cuts, and maps;. and no effort has been spared to maintain a high standard of excellence.
The thanks of the Survey are due to Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A., for his careful and able conduct of the periodical.
F. V. HAYDEN, United States Geologist.
CONTENTS OF THE WHOLE VOLUME.
BULLETIN No. 1.—February 28, 1879.
I.—Notes on the Aphidide of the United States, with Descriptions of Species occurring West of the Mississippi. PuaTes I, II. By Charles V.
Lenihan? Ghavdlid [oly Karas) WS RA Ae ee cee eS Soe Se ee meee see IJ.—The Relations of the Horizons of Extinct Vertebrata of Europe and North
PAINETICA Mes Vien a © OMCte se nemiclajotsisel- asic cieselstieeisancecs 05 II1.—Observations on. the Faune of the Miocene Tertiaries of Oregon. By PEDO ODE ae ete Eel fal to nie rete aim OPEN U ats Sale wle:tie! win einit's IV.—Notes on the Birds of Fort Sisseton, Dakota Territory. By Charles E. McChesney, Acting Assistant Surgeon U.S. A....-.....--5.--..---- V.—Paleontological Papers No. 9: Fossils of the Jura-Trias of Southeastern Wea ahospye © Ae Witte Mi Des ae yee ia poeiacepe eas Shieh cic Sse V1.—Jura-Trias Section of Southeastern Idaho and Western Wyoming. By AMG Os TREY IG Ds ones CSE SO nec Sap Cm ECD OA Sees Se ec eae ae prerses eeae VII.—Fossil Forests of the Volcanic Tertiary Formations of the Yellowstone NatronaliPark. |) Byp We. bl, Holmes 2-520) 5 oes sice setts /scieieiiseici- VIII.—Paleontological Papers No. 10: Conditions of Preservation of Inverte- (STII OOS MISS Ma OL ity VLU Ge eo peel oa ee sano ob abe eace pebone IX.—Supplement to the Bibliography of North American Invertebrate Pale- ontology. By C. A. White and H. Alleyne Nicholson............-..
BULLETIN No. 2.—September 6, 1879.
X.—On the Coatis (Genus Nasua, Storr). By J. A. Allen.......-.....---- XI.—On the Present Status of Passer domesticus in America, with Special Reference to the Western States and Territories. By Dr. Elliott Coues,
BUSTERS IS SPA past pena eee spe ilar aratciay tyes Me NS El Sect icles ioe a dials 6 XII.—The Laramie Group of Western Wyoming and Adjacent Regions. By ike (On TGR. JWG IDEs ARB OC bs eae eRe osae CoH ae CeCe OC REE Seen eee coe XIII.—On Lithophane and New Noctuide. By A. R. Grote...--.......------
XIV.—Paleontological Papers No. 11: Remarks upon Certain Carboniferous Fossils from Colorado, Arizona, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming, and
Certain Cretaceous Corals from Colorado, together with Descriptions
ean(ehy dior ciseul dbaya( Coys Ylaliuts il (od D ee XV.—The so-called Two-Ocean Pass. (PLATES III, IV.) By F. V. Hayden. XVI.—On the Extinct Species of Rhinoceride of North America, and their AUliesEnvgH el CONVO paren ease tae ame Se crs cetisytte ovci sale gas) ens 55 XVII.—Second Instalment of American Ornithological ipa By Dr. TOU ne Chena DIS i 8 a ee, eee ea ee
Page.
153
VI CONTENTS.
. BULLETIN No. 3.—November 30, 1879.
XVIII.—On the Species of the Genus Bassaris. By J. A. Allen ........-.. GN « XX.—List of a Collection of Aculeate Hymenoptera made by Mr. g. W. Wil- liston in Northwestern Kansas. By W. H. Patton ................. XXI.—Further Notes on the Ornithology of the Lower Rio Grande of Texas, from Observations made during the Spring of 1878. By George B.
Sennett. Edited, with annotations, by Dr. Elliott Coues, U.S. A..
XXII.—Additional Lists of Elevations. By Henry Gannett......-....-...... XXIII.—Generic Arrangement of the Bees allied to Melissodes and Anthophora. By Wi. ER Patton! .2co-. csc s2e seine eect dec seen a ee eee ees js XXIV.—Annotated List of the Birds of Michigan. By Dr. Morris Gibbs.---.--- XXV.—The Coleoptera of the Alpine Rocky Mountain Regions.—Part II. By John Li Le Conte, M. D..2-2. 222 5252. 8-52. sa ee Sees eee eee
BULLETIN No. 4.—September 30, 1880.
XXVI.—Third Instalment of American Ornithological Bibliography. By Dr. Eliott. Coues, U.S. Annes eee caincie cee nee teen tee
“f
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATES.
; To face page— Pl. I.—Gall-making Pemphigine.....---. Pe eleeete te iseyh sa \ckida)= soe hed a aeiajen > o 32 iCall ma cinpabem prem oa osc. ee arsece 6 qe ciec ee elects sone aces coninn~ 32 eee O=-O Ce An mb asses aacpa ae ote e Mae ce cpem crciniats sind cece! es sayeie elec a's avelsine 226 el eplive avy O- OCGA ASS esata cna Sas oreo tela (a leisiet sioleeis o sicinisinis -'>.<'see'siess oe sess 226
Norte.—Plates I and U1, accompanying Article I, were not issued in place, having been delayed until Bulletin No. 2 was issued. They should be bound in place at end of Riley and Monell’s Article, oppo- . site page 32, each being faced by its explanatory leaf.
a nie iy ‘ we s 2 E ra ¥ ie a ‘ “S - t ‘ é pig AEN # ~<a iy Pee & 7 , - . t : ae 3 . a i ; E ~ y
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY. F. V. HAYDEN, U. S. GEOLOGIST-IN-CHARGE.
BULLETIN
OF
Pee ONT ED STATES
GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
OF
THE TERRITORIES. VOMUMEOV 222s. NUMBER 1.
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. | . February 28, 1879.
BULLETIN
OF THE
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.
VOLUME V. 1879. NUMBER L
Art. 1._Notes om the Aphididz of the United States, with descriptions of species occurring West of the Miississippi.
By Chas. V. Riley and J. Monell.
Tee eae Nee oe
BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON THE PEMPHIGINA, WITH DE- SCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.—C. V. RILEy, Ph. D.
The object of the present paper is to set forth some interesting biolo- gical facts relating to the gall-making Pemphigine,* and which were pre- sented in abstract at the late meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. These facts have a special interest just at this time on account of the close relationship between the insects of the sub-family in question and the notorious Grape-vine Phylloxera (Phylloxera vastatrix).
The life-history and agamic multiplication of the Plant-lice (Aphidide) have always excited the interest of entomologists, and even of anatomists and embryologists not especially given to-the study of insects. The life- history, however, of the gall-making species belonging to the Pemphigine has baffled the skill of observers more than that of any other group. All of the older writers, in treating of the different gall-producing Pemphigine of Europe, have invariably failed to trace the life-history of any of the species after the winged females leave the galls, and, with few exceptions, have erroneously inferred that the direct issue from the winged females hibernates somewhere. The most recent production on _ the subject is a paper published the present year in Cassel, Germany, by Dr. H. F. Kessler, on the life- history of the gall- making Plant- lice + This term is used in the sub-family sense, in accordance with most common us ge,
and not in the tribal sense, as employed by Buckton in his Monograph of br itish Aphides, 1875.
Bull. v, 1——1
2 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Vol. V.
affecting Ulmus campestris.* This author, by a series of ingenious ex- periments, rightly came to the conclusion that the insects hibernate on the trunk; but he failed to discover in what condition they so hiber- nate.
M. J. Lichtenstein of Montpellier, France, who has paid much atten- tion to these insects, was led to the belief, spnmnne te in various publi- cationst during the year 1877, that the European species inhabiting Elm and Poplar migrated to the reots of grasses and there hibernated. He was doubtless misled by the great general resemblance between all the species of this sub-family in the immature and apterous stages. In a letter dated December 25, 1877, I informed him that I had discovered that the sexed individuals of our Elm species inhabited the bark, to which the female consigned her single winter egg, and that his theory was altogether inconsistent with this fact and with what Derbés had discovered of Pemphigus cornicularius affecting First With this clue my friend has done good service the past season, by correctly tracing the life-history of several species, and showing that there are no such ini- erations as he assumed, from the trees in question. Indeed, nothing but the most thorough and absolute proof can establish the fact of any such migration. Species of the same genus often so closely resemble each other that they are more readily distinguished by their mode of life, or by the galls they produce, than by structural or describable differences ; and this holds particularly true of the immature or apterous stages. This fact, taken in connection with what is here recorded and what is already known of the habits of the sub-family, renders it extremely im- probable that any of the species subsist at one time on one plant and habitually change, by migration, to another of a totally different nature. Stranger things happen in nature; but until M. Lichtenstein experi- mentally proves the accuracy of his conclusions, I must reject his theory.
Led by previous investigations into the TeATSeS of the Grape Phylloxera, I discovered, in 1875, that some of our Elm-feeding species of Pem- phigine ana wingless and mouthless males and females, and that the female lays but one solitary impregnated egg, just as in the case of Phylloxera. Continuing my investigations, especially during the present summer (1878), I have been able to trace the life-history of those species preducing galls on our own Elms, and to show that they all agree in this respect, and that the impregnated egg preduced by the female is con- signed to the sheltered portions of the trunk of the tree, and there hiber- nates—the issue therefrom being the stem-mother,§ which founds the gali-inhabiting colony the ensuing spring. Thus the question as to what becomes of the winged insects after they leave the galls is no longer an
4 ‘DieLebensg eschichte der auf Ulmus campestris yorkommenden Aphiden-Arten. —
+ Stettiner Ent. Zeit. 1877, p. 489, &e.
{ Ann. d. Se. Nat. Paris, October, 1871.
§ I adopt this term as a literal translation of the German “Stamm-mutter,” and as meaning the ancestress or progenitor of all succeeding generations until the impreg- nated egg is produced and another cycle commences. ;
No. 1.) RILEY AND MONELL ON APHIDIDZ. 3)
open one. They instinctively seek the bark of the tree, and there give birth to the sexual individuals, either directly or through intervening generations.
It is my purpose in a subsequent paper to go more fully into a con- sideration of the habits and classification of this interesting family of Plant-lice; but my present object will best be accomplished by giving a full account of the two commoner gall-making species found upon the American Elm, with less complete accounts of some other species. It will be seen by the facts recorded, and by the descriptions, how futile all attempts must be to establish anything like a natural system of classifi- cation, whether the number of antennal joints, the character of wing- venation, or the habits be considered; and the lesson I would draw from the study of these minute insects is the same that must be drawn by all naturalists who thoroughly study any one group, viz., that any system of classification will be unsatisfactory, except on the hypothesis that it is purely a matter of convenience. We find extreme variation in the number and proportions of antennal joints in the different stages of the same species. We find a great tendency to variation even in the ptero- gostic characters; and, finally, there is not even unity of habit in the species of the same genus. The deflexed or horizontal position of the wings has no value in this sub-family, because most of the species carry their wings horizontal while yet in their galls or for some time after issu- ing from the pupa. That all of the insects of this sub-family possess, however, at least one feature in common with the species of Phylloxera so far known, namely, the mouthiess, wingless, and generally degrada- tional nature of the sexual individuals, and the production by the female of a solitary, impregnated egg, there can be little doubt, since I have traced these sexual individuals and this impregnated egg, not only in the cases indicated in this paper, but further in Schizoneura Rileyi (Thos.) and Schizoneura lanigera (Hausm.); while M. J. Lichtenstein, as already
‘stated, has discovered them in several of the European species of this
sub-family. Another feature common to the whole sub-family, though by no means peculiar to it, is the floceulent exudation from the body and the absence of bright coloration, the winged females having, all of them, a dull, dark ground-color of head and thorax. The front wings have invariably a fold or thickening of the posterior marginal vein in the region of the first discoidal; and the hind wings are correspondingly produced on the costal margin and armed with hooklets that catch in the fold in flight. These are features common to all Aphidide known to me; but their prominence or faintness often has specific value, and the angle on the hind wing may, for descriptive purposes, be called the ‘“‘ hook-angle.”
4 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Vol. V.
SCHIZONEURA AMERICANA, na. sp.
[ Curling and gnarling the leaves of the White Elm ( Ulmus americana), forming there- by a sort of pseudo-gall. The curl made by a single stem-mother in the spring takes the pretty constant form of a rather wrinkled roll of one side of the young leaf; but, according as there is more than one stem-mother, or as several contiguous leaves are affected, the deformation assumes various distorted shapes, sometimes involving quite large masses of the leaves. ]
BIOLOGICAL.
There is a good deal of irregularity in the time of appearance of the different generations, but the general history of this species, aS I have observed it for several years, is herewith given. There is much greater | difficulty in fully tracing the life-history of one of these small creatures than might be supposed. They languish in confinement and ill bear handling. To trace their growth and movements in a state of nature requires vigilance and perseverance, and a great deal of time; and I have been fortunate, in my studies of this and the next species, in secur- ing the patient aid of Miss M. lh. Murtfeldt of Kirkwood, Mo., a lady to whom I have already had repeated occasion to express my indebt- edness.
If, during the winter, we carefully examine the cracks and crevices of an American or White Elm that was badly infested with this leaf- curling species the previous summer, we shall be pretty sure to find its impregnated egg—a minute, dull-yellowish, ovoid object, about 0.52™ long (Fig. 1, a), either free or still more or less effectually covered with the parents dry skin, which faintly shows the insections that char- aeterized the living female. The same spring influences that cause the leaf-buds to swell and open, likewise induce the hatching of this winter egg, and the little creature that issues from it instinctively crawls to the more terminal twigs and branches, and settles upon the first tender leaf- let it meets with. Itconstitutes the stem-mother, or first generation, and, stationing itself on the under surface of the leaf, very soon causes the same to swell and curl by the irritation and punctures of its beak. The curl is usually from the lateral edge, and the more normal form it takes is shown at Fig. 1,¢. It is, however, very irregular, and takes on many different forms, according as it is produced by one or several stem-moth- ers settling on the same leaf, and as it affects a portion of one leaf only or embraces several from the same bud. At first, pale yellowish-red, with dark members, the stem-mother increases in size more or less rap- idly, depending to some extent on the development of the leaf. Moving about in her curled house, within which she is destined to iive and die, this stem-mother goes through her last moult, and attains maturity - about the twelfth day from the time of hatching. This period may be lengthened by unfavorable weather, as an indefinite period of lethargy, both of plant ‘and insect, may ensue, after hatching, if the temperature be too low. The number of molts I have not definitely ascertained, but from analogy there will be three. Having attained maturity, she com-
No. 1.) RILEY AND MONELL ON APHIDIDZ. 5
mences peopling her pseudo-gall with young at the rate of about one every Six or seven hours, according to temperature, increasing in bulk and prolificacy from day to day, until by the early part of May, in the latitude of Saint Louis, she has attained her fullest development, and soon per- ishes. She may attain to nearly four millimetres in length, and, with greatly swollen body, be almost as wide (Fig. 1, b). Her immediate issue, or the second generation, are like her in many respects, but never grow to be quite so large. The individuals of this generation soon accumulate in great numbers around her, and in their turn commence to bring forth young, some remaining within the original curl, others scattering to found new colonies. Their issue, or the third generation, show certain marked structural differences from the first (see description), and are déstined to become winged.
During most of the month of May, we may find, where large clusters of leaves are affected, the few more or less exhausted stem-mothers, and these second and third generations in every stage of development. As the lice increase in numbers, the leaves no longer protect them, but pre- sent on both sides multitudes of busy atoms—livid, old and paler young— those with wings and those getting wings—interspersed with white exuvie, cottony secretion, and globules of pearly liquid. At the same time, in single curls of more terminal leaves, we may find the second gen- eration of wingless mothers surrounded by smaller colonies, all of which will become winged. The winged females (Fig. 1, d) are short-lived, bringing forth a dozen or more pseudova at average intervals of about half an hour. The glossy pellicle that compresses all the members of their newly-born issue is ruptured very shortly after birth, and is worked - off in the course of about ten minutes. These facts are easily ascer- tained by confining the winged mother, but the exact positions to which the pseudova are naturally carried I have not been able to definitely learn; but we may rest pretty confident that they are consigned both to the leaves and to the twigs. The young lice, forming the fourth genera- tion, are very active, running swiftly in all directions. In color, they are at first of a pale and bright red, but soon acquire a brownish tint. In general appearance, they resemble the young from the stem-mother. The beak is very long, thickened at the end, which always projects beyond the tip of the abdomen, and terminates in a sickle-like point. Experiments made by attaching and confining these young to the trunk of the tree show that they do not flourish thereon, but naturally crawl out to the more tender, terminal leaves, which they immediately begin to curl. They may be found scattered over an infested tree, with their _ beaks for the most part inserted in the tender leaf-stem or in the mid- rib on the under side, the leaf in such case already beginning to show _ the effect of the poisonous puncture. They are, however, able to sustain themselves on the tender bark of the twigs alone, and may be found nearly full-grown, there exposed to view and enveloped in the white cot- tony matter, which brushes off at the slightest touch. When full-grown,
6 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. (Vol. V. they commence reproducing, and their progeny, under favorable cireum- stances, becomes exceedingly abundant. The growing points of the tree are affected with larger or smaller colonies, crowding and covering both the surfaces of the leaves, the petioles, and the stem. I have known young En trees to be so thoroughly covered with these lice, in the earlier part of June, that not a single leaf was unaffected, and upon giving the tree the slightest jar there would be a perfect shower of the liquid elobules excreted by the lice. At this season of the year, when the lice are thus numerous, they may be found during the heat of the day actively crawling over all portions of the tree—a veritable migration, necessita- ted by the want of sufficient succulent leaves, but evidently premature, and destined to be the death of the individuals participating in it, exces- sive multiplication here, as in all other cases, obliging the destruction of the excess. While the individuals thus wandering are mostly the younger ones, the migrating instinct seems sometimes to possess indi- viduals of all ages, especially where the tree is badly affected; and that they perish is proved by the mass of dead lice which in such a case may be found around the base of a tree. So far as I have been able to learn by confining specimens of the jifth generation, which is very similar to the fourth, but with shorter promuscis, the fifth reproduces like the fourth without acquiring wings. The individuals of the sixth generation, on the contrary, all acquire wings, the pupa being active, with but a small amount of flocculence, confined to the posterior part of the body The winged lice of this sixth generation abound during the latter part of June and the early part of July. They resemble those of the third generation, except that they are perhaps on the average somewhat smaller and paler, and less prolific. They instinctively congregate on the bark, and consign to the crevices, and sheltered parts thereof, their young, which, as in the fourth generation, are enveloped in a sort of pellicle. These young also resemble the young of the fourth generation in general form, but have very short and stout beaks. Instead of being active, they are quite sluggish, congregating in clusters in the sheltered portions of the bark, and being essentially bark-feeders. The color soon inclines strongly to orange or salmon, and, after two or three days of Sluggish existence, they shed their skin, and become more active, pene- trating more deeply into the interstices of the bark, and huddling to- gether in groups of various sizes. They are now of a pale buff, or, more correctly, salmon color, the surface at first smooth and polished, but becoming in some instances slightly pulverulent. Simulating closely the color of the bark, and being quite small, they are not easily detected, unless in great numbers. A careful examination shows that they have entirely lost the beak, and that they consist of both males and females, the females being the larger, and the males showing the genital charac- ters given in the description. They live grouped together for several days with little motion, the female (Fig. 1, e) increasing in size by the enlargement of the single egg contained in her body. Both soon perish,
No. 1.] RILEY AND MONELL ON APHIDIDA. 7
leaving among their shrivelled bodies the shining, reddish-brown winter egg, either partially or entirely covered by the parent’s skin.
On the 16th of June, 1877, I met with an isolated tree at Malvern, Towa, belonging to Mr. H. K. Follett, which had been very badly infested with this species. The winged individuals crowded the trunk, and had perished in such quantities around the base of the tree as to lie ina matted mass three or four inches thick, being greedily devoured by their numerous enemies. One could not break off the smallest piece of the bark without finding the exposed interstices crowded with the salmon- -ecolored sexual individuals.
Among the more prominent of the natural enemies of this species, I have noticed, of Coleoptera, Coccinella 9-notata, Coccinella sanguinea (munda) Say, Hippodamia convergens, and several species of Scymnus. I also found feeding upon them the perfect beetle of Podabrus modestus, and the Hemipterous Cyllocoris seutellatus, Uhler, and Capsus linearis, Beauv. A Lepidopterous inquiline, namely, the larva of Semasia prunivora, Walsh, is also quite common within the curled leaves, feeding both on the lice and’ on the substance of the leaf. <A large green Syrphus larva and several Chrysopa larve also prey upon them.
DESCRIPTIVE.
SCHIZONEURA AMERICANA (Fig. 1).—Impregnated egg 0.52™ long, gamboge-yellow, inclining to brown in color, with no especial external sculpture.
First gencration.—Stem-mother: Pale yeVowish-red, with black members when first hatched; the red deepening and becoming purplish or livid with age. When mature, averaging 3.5™™ in length, globose or pyriform, with subobhsolete honey-tubes and six dorsal rows of darker piliferous and tuberculous spots. Antenne 5-jointed, joint 3 more than equalling 4 and 5 together in length.
Second generation.—Diftering in no essential respect from the preceding, except that the individuals do not attain so great a size. Bright brownish-red when born, they soon become livid brown.
Third gencration.—Mature, winged female: Alar expanse 5 to 5.6™™, Body dusky, the abdomen slightly reddish; legs either dusky or yellowish-red. Antennas long as head and thorax together, dusky, rarely yellowish, not pilose, but with afew short setous points; 6-jointed, the 1st and 2d joints slightly bulbous; 3d either surpassing or equating in length the 4th, 5th, and 6th together, which are subequal; the terminal joint usually the shortest, the apical sub-joint being normal, and in some cases sufficiently constricted to resemble an additional joint; joints 3, 4, and 5 rather distinctly annulated, the constrictions being generally quite deep, and producing a moniliform aspect, there being on an average 22 such on joint 3. Tarsi with the basal joint distinctly separated into a lobe, the claws strong, and in length twice the diam- eter of the tarsus. Wings hyaline: front pair with the veins becoming obsolete at tips; stigma subhyaline, either of a yellowish tinge or somewhat dusky ; stigmal vein starting from the middle of the stigma and normally curved; cubital vein obso- lete for nearly one-third its length, the furcal forming with it almost a point; the terminal distance between first and second discoidals equal to about five times that between their bases (often rather more); terminal distance between furcal and cubi- tal and second discoidal veins subequal, that between stigmal and furcal slightly shorter, that between second and first discoidal one-third greater, and about equal that between stigmal and tip of stigma. Hind wings with the subcostal vein almost straight, there being no curve where it gives off the discoidal veins, which are obsolete
8 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Vol. V.
at their extreme base, and not confluent withit. [The wing-venation is very constant. Out of nearly 100 specimens examined, I have found only an unusual shortening of the cubital in two individuals.] The larva and pupa in this third generation differ from the winged insect in being more reddish and in having the antenne ringed with less distinct constrictions, in the legs being paler, in the claws being stronger, and in the basal joint of tarsus being more connate with the terminal joint. They havea distinct annulated elevation at each side posteriorly—a sort of pseudo-honeytube.
When first born, they are of a pale dull yoo, and the antennal joints are more nearly subequal in length.
Fourth generation.—That from the first winged females: Differs from the preceding in the promuscis being much longer, in the antenne having but five jomts, the third being somewhat longest and the first the shortest, but all often being of much more- nearly equal length, with no annulated constrictions. The color is more decidedly orange. When newly hatched, the thickened end of the promuscis often extends one- half the length of the body beyond anus. The legs are also long and stout, and the basal joint of the tarsus is distinct, but not separated. The capitate hairs are obsolete. It is born with an enveloping pellicle or pseudovum, and though of a bright red with pale legs at first, soon becomes brownish, with dark members.
Fifth generation.—The counterpart of the second.
Sixth generation.—Second winged: Resembles the third, but usually rather lighter- colored, with the wing-veins, the spinous armature of surfaces, and the constrictions of antenne less strong, and with the third joint of antenne rather less in length than the terminal three together.
Seventh generation.—True sexual individuals: Born within an ege-like pellicle. With stout promuscis reaching to between middle and hind cox; the antenne 5-jointed, with the joints subequal. Bark-feeding. Orange in color. Undergoing one moult, and then being at once distinguished from the other forms by the brighter orange- yellow color, the rudimentary mouth, the more simple eyes (composed of three facets), by the shorter, 5-jointed antenne, the joints subequal in length; by the shorter legs, ' with smaller claws to the tarsi, and more distinct terminal capitate hairs, or pulvilli. The skin is transparent, the body filled more or less with fatty globules. The female is nearly pyriform, and averages 0.4™™ in length. A single egg is visible through the translucent skin, and, according to age, occupies more or less of the whole of the body. The male is narrower and smaller, the penis being bulbous, with a couple of spine-like genital clasps.
This species is very closely allied to the Huropean S. wlmi (Linn.), and until I was able to compare it with actual specimens, I was in doubt whether to look upon it as a mere variety or a distinct species. Judging from Kessler’s figure and description of the European leaf-curl, and by a figure sent me by Mr. Buckton, it differs from ours, Ist, in bending upward, 2. ¢., the stem-mother settles on the upper instead of the under side of the leaf; 2d, in having a number of small, rounded or verrucose swellings. These differences in their dwellings are strongly presumptive of structural differences in the insects themselves; and the fact that 8. americana does not attack the Huropean Elms, either in Shaw’s Botani- cal Gardens at Saint Louis, or in the grounds of the Department of Ag- riculture, pots in the same direction. Differences are indeed easily enough made out if we take the more or less imperfect descriptions and figures of wlmi,* but are less apparent when the actual specimens are
* Koch’s figure (evidently copied Dy Kessler) is faulty i in several respects, and fails to indicate the hook-angle of hind wings, or the corresponding thickening of front wings, a fault that is, however, common-to most of Koch’s figures.
No. 1.) RILEY AND MONELL ON APHIDIDZ. 9
compared. The following are the more important differences, least sub- ject to variation, between the winged females of ulmi as compared with those of americana: ulmi is a longer-winged species, averaging 7.3"™ in expanse; the abdomen, wing-veins, and stigma are darker; the termi- nal distance between Ist and 2d discoidals slightly greater; the 3d joint of antenn is relatively longer; the annulations are less deep and more numerous (those on 3d joint averaging. 30); joints 5 and 6 are smoother, i. €., Without annulations, but they are more setous; joint 5 is shorter than 4; the apical, narrowed part of 6th joint is relatively longer and more pointed; the subcostal vein of hind wings is less straight; the cubital vein is often continuous to very near the subcostal, while I have not found any tendency of the kind in americana, the tendency being in the opposite direction, or to become shorter; the 2d discoidal ‘of hind wings shows a tendency to fork; the hooklets on costa of hind wings are 3 in number, while in amer sa there are normally 4;* the legs are more setous.
COLOPHAt ULMICOLA (Fitch).
[Forming cock’s-comb-like galls (Fig. 2, a) on the upper surface of the leaves of Ulmus americana, the galls appearing with the opening of the leaves, and turning brown and black in late summer. ]
Another very common gall, which may be called the Cock’s-comb Elm Gall (ulmi-ulmicola), is aikie ond on the White Elm, and particularly, as in the case of the previous gall, on young trees. It was well de- seribed by Fitch{as an ‘“ exerescence or follicle like a cock’s comb, aris- ing abruptly on the upper side of the leaves, usually one inch long
*These hooklets get so easily broken off that they are not to be relied on; yet the normal number on most of the Pemphigine I have examined is 3, while in Hormaphis there are but 2. The fact that in Se. americana Bete are 4 is dignenn: interesting, and of some value in this connection.
t The bibliography of this species very well illustrates the confusion that too often surrounds the proper determination, not only of insects of this family, but of all orders. It is due to three causes, not easily removed: 1st, the miserably insufficient nature of the earlier descriptions and definitions; 2d, the isolation of the earlier English ento- mologists from those of the continent, and the dual nomenclature that has arisen from independent work; 3d, the want of a common ground for generic characterization. Walsh referred the species to Thelaxes, which has, however, 5-jointed antenne. Vacuna, Heyden, is synonymous with Thelaxes, though Walker would restrict the for- mner to alni, Schrank, and the latter to dryophila, Schrank (‘‘The Zodlogist,” London, February, 1870, p. 2001), without pointing out generic differences, asthe want of a fork in the cubital vein in Koch’s figure is clearly an error of the artist. Mr. Monell founded the genus Colopha for ulmicola on the fact that the antennz of the winged female are 6-jointed. Such a difference can hardly have generic value when we find ulmicola oc- casionally with but five antennal joints, and (if Huxley is correct in his determination) dryophila sometimes with six (Trans. Linn. Soc. xxii, pp. 203, 234). But, taken in connéction with the fact that wlmicola is a flocculent species, the true female producing but one large ege, while dryophila is without floceulence, the female (according to Huxley) laying many eggs, Colopha, considering ulmicola as the type, may be accepted as a good genus.
; Fifth Report on the Noxious Insects of N. Y. § 347.
10 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Vol. V.
and + of an inch high, compressed and its sides wrinkled perpendicu- larly and its summit irregularly gashed and toothed; of a paler green color than the leaf and more or less red on the side exposed to the sun; opehing on the under side of the leaf by a long slit-like orifice; imside wrinkled perpendicularly into deep plates.” The gall is always found between two of the branching parallel veins, and those between which it grows are generally drawn closer together than the rest. The corru. gations and roughness, so characteristic of this gall, evidently result from the lesser susceptibility of the minute transverse veins to swell, compared with the more succulent tissue of the leaf. There is always a certain hoariness around the mouth of the gall below, while the base of the upper part is always contracted and compressed.
BIOLOGICAL.
The impregnated egg of this species is also to be found during the winter in exactly the same sheltered situations, in and under the bark of the White Elm, as that of Schizoneura americana. It is almost always sheltered by the dry and somewhat wrinkled skin of the true female, being seldom extruded, but occupying the whole of the body (Fig. 2, b). Occasionally the mother skin is more or less freed. The young stem- mothers hatch from the winter egg about the same time, and are minute dark olive-brown specks, just visible to the unaided eye, and quite active during pleasant weather, crawling nimbly about over the tree, till they reach a tender leaf that is just unfolding, when they also settle upon the under surface, and begin to feed on and fret the same. They doubtless insert their beaks in various portions of the buds or expanding leaves ere settling, since, before the gall begins to form, the little architect has generally obtained twice the size it had when first hatched. By the middle of April, in the latitude of Saint Louis, the galls generally begin to show, at first as slight elongate ridges on the upper surface, with corresponding closed depressions on the lower surface. Upon drawing apart the lips of the wrinkle beneath, at this stage of the growth of the gall, the stem-mother, who still retains her glossy olive-brown appear- ance, is Seen constantly running back and forth in the eavity, and in- flicting rapid punctures with her beak, the inner surface of her dwelling being smooth and glossy, with a slightly blistered appearance, in con- trast with the normal, more rough and pubescent texture of the under surface of the leaf. The development of the gall is very rapid, and, with favorable weather, the top part begins to bulge so as to give the contracted appearance of the base, and the tooth-like prominences be- gin to appear by the third day. The inmate likewise grows apace. After the first molt, she soon becomes more pyrifrom and paler, with transverse rows of powdery secretion. She is less active, but still marches about, incessantly fretting the surface with her short, stout beak. A second molt takes place, and by the time the gall has fully de- veloped, or about two weeks from the time it commenced forming, the
No.1. | » RILEY AND MONELL ON APHIDIDA. Ie
process of reproduction commences, and continues for two or three weeks, until the stem-mother is exhausted, and the gall is absolutely . crowded with this second generation in all stages of growth. The lice are more or less covered and interspersed with.the mealy or cottony excretion, and with the various-sized globules of gummy liquid, which is sometimes so abundant that it will fall upon the ground like a shower of milky fluid, whenever badly infested trees are shaken. The insects comprising this second generation, or the immediate issue from the stem- mother, thus born within the habitation which she had built up, are sim- ilar to their parent, but somewhat larger at the moment of birth than she was, and of a paler olive-green color. .They are quite active within the gall, exploring its concavities, and obtaining their nourishment through its walls. After the second molt, they attain the pupa state, (Fig. 2, d), and in due time become winged. There is but one generation produced within the gall—a generation, however, that becomes very numerous under favorable conditions. They all become winged, and in this respect the species differs essentially from Schizoneura americana, as we have already seen. The winged lice carry their wings flat on the back while in the gall, but deflexed afterward. They issue from the slit on the lower surface of the leaf, which opens for their exit about -the time they become fledged. They are all females, and give birth, in the course of a day or so, to upward of a dozen young, which, when first born, are enclosed in the usual delicate egg-like covering already alluded to, and which look like their immediate parent at a corresponding state of existence, except that their antennz have five subequal joints, and the promuscis reaches to the hind cox (Fig. 2, ¢).
So far I have been able to trace the history of the species with absolute certainty, watching it for several years, and proving, by extracting the stem-mother soon after she had commenced reproducing, that the second generation, 7. e., her immediate progeny, all become winged, the species agreeing in this respect with the gall-making species of Phylloxera that affect the Hickory. There is, however, a link yet wanting in our know- ledge of the history of this species, between this third generation and the mouthless sexual individuals, the females of which so often perish while yet covering their solitary winter eggs. I have not been able to prove absolutely that there are two broods of the gall-making female, and my observations all tend to the conclusion that no galls are formed except by the stem-mother that hatches from the impregnated egg. I have never succeeded in obtaining galls either by enclosing the winged females in muslin bags tied on the living trees, or by similarly enclosing her immediate progeny, though | have succeeded in obtaining, without any difficulty, an abundance of galls by so enclosing the stem-mother. More- over, all such succulent galls as this one are produced on the tender young leaves only, and I have failed to find them on any but those which develop early in the season. It is true that we may frequently find the galls quite fresh, and containing larve, pupe, and winged insects as late
12 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Vol. V.
as the first week in July, and these late galls, as well as the insects within them, are generally more yellowish than those found earlier m the year; but a careful study of the structure of the inmates shows them to be identical with those found in the earlier galls, and these late galls are, from present knowledge, to be attributed to the work of late hatching and late developing stem-mothers rather than to the work of the third generation. Iam inclined to think that this third generation will be found to have a different habit, possibly feeding upon some other part of the tree, without forming galls, and producing in time the true sexual individuals, something as in the case of the seventh generation of 8. americana. At all events, the true female (Fig. 2, b), with the solitary egg, is to be found about the trunk of the tree, as already deseribed.
DESCRIPTIVE. COLOPHA ULMICOLA.
Byrsoerypta ulmicola, Fitch, 4th N. Y. Rep. 1858, p. 63 (§ 347).—Thelaxes ulmicola, Walsh, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. i, p. 305, 1862; American Entomologist, vol. i, p. 108, 1869.— Colopha ulmicola, Monell, Canadian Entomologist, vol. ix, p. 102, 1877.
Impregnated or winter egg (Fig. 2, b).—Length 0.38™™, perfectly ovoid, shining oliva- ceous, inclining to brown, with no particular sculpture.
First generation, or stem-mother.—0.4™™ long when hatched. AAS. 4-jointed, joints subequal in length and thickness, but with the bases of hairs rather strong. Promuscis very short, reaching only to middle cox or a little beyond. Upper tarsal hairs globate at tip and as long as tarsus. Smooth, dark olive-brown in color with black members. After first molt, the beak is still relatively shorter, as also the tarsal hairs; the color is paler, but the members are still black. She measures 1™™ in length when beginning to bear, and the third joint of antenne is then somewhat clavate (Fig. 2,9), and as long as joints land 2 together; the 4th narrower, as long as 3d, and rather truncate at tip, with two rather conspicuous piliferous prominences. Color translucent yellowish- green, often inclining to purple.
Second generation.—0.4™™ long when born (Fig. 2, ¢); nearly five times as long as wide; the antenne (Fig. 2, h) short and 5-jointed, the joints subequal in length, the od shortest and narrowest, the 5th swollen and sub-fusiform, with rather strong bulbs at the base of the hairs. Promuscis reaching to hind cox. Distinct globate tips to the four tarsal hairs. Color pale olive-green, with black members and a dusky stripe on the notum. Pupa (Fig. 2,d) with antenne smooth, 6-jointed, joints sub- equal in thickness, joint 4 only as long as 2; 5 and 6 each twice as long; 3 four times as long. Color dingy orange, with a paler band around the thorax, embrac- ing the wing-pads, and reminding one, on this account, of the pupa of Phylloxera. Winged female (Fig. 2, ¢): Average expanse 3.7™™; the form of body more asin Phylloxera, the abdomen tapering and narrower than the thorax, bearing from ten to twenty pseud- ova. Blackish, with an olive-green tint, the abdomen and under surface yellowish- green in the fresher individuals. Antenne (Fig. 2, f) reaching only to insertion of front wings, 6-jointed; joints 4, 5, and 6 subequal, and together equal to 3 in length. [Three specimens examined have joints 4 and 5 very imperfectly separated, causing the antennz to appear as 5-jointed.] Wings as described by Walsh, the stigma being well rounded and pale. [In three specimens examined, the third discoidal of the front wing is simple and precisely as in Pemphigus; in one specimen, the first discoidal is wanting on both front wings, and in another the fork of third discoidal is wanting on the left one.] Basal joint of tarsus rather short; tarsal claws only moderately strong.
Third generation.—The young from the winged female, after being freed from the pellicle in which they were born, have stout five-jointed antenna, the joints subequal ;
No. 1.] RILEY AND MONELL ON APHIDIDA. 13
stout but short promuscis reaching to hind cox; rather large compound eyes. Pro- portions and shape of young Phylloxera.
True female: Legs short and the basal joint of tarsus rudimentary ; antennz short, four-jointed, smooth, joints subequal, the third somewhat longest. Mouth rudiment- ary. Described from skins surrounding impregnated egg. Males unknown.
PEMPHIGUS POPULI-MONILIS, n. sp.
[Gall (populi-monilis) on the Narrow-leaved Cottonwood (Populus balsamifera). A series of more or less confluent moniliform swellings (Fig. 3, 7) on the upper side of the leaf, each containing a single female, destined to become winged, when it escapes from ~ bcneath, the winged insect occupying the entire cavity of the gall. ]
BIOLOGICAL.
A very interesting gall, which may be called the Bead-like Cotton- wood Gall, occurs on the Narrow-leaved Cottonwood (Populus balsamifera, L., var. angustifolia, Torrey), during the summer, in Colorado, and prob- ably wherever this narrow-leaved variety grows. Though I have often found the tree in question so covered with these galls, especially at Greeley, that not a leaf was exempt, yet Populus monilifera, even when growing along the bank of the same irrigating ditch and mingling its branches with angustifolia, would be entirely free from them. ‘The galls when not very numerous appear most commonly on the terminal leaves of atwig. They form a confluent series of pale yellow ovoid swellings, each side of the midrib (Fig. 3, g) recaliing, in the distance, a lot of un- ripe cherries, or, again, the galls produced on a true willow by the Saw- fly larva—Nematus salicis-pomum, Walsh. There will sometimes be three rows of these swellings, and they are not infrequently tinted with red. There are, however, more often but two rows, occupying nearly the whole space each side of the midrib. The galls are formed by the folding-under of the sides of the leaf and the bulging of the same around the insect, which is always found solitary. The newly hatched louse is found in the younger galls, and on the same branch, according to the age of the swell- ing, the insect oceurs in all stages of growth, the full-fledged female, with her wings folded flat, filling nearly the whole cavity. After leaving the gall, her wings are carried in the normal tectiform manner, and, when ren- dered transparent by liquid, her abdomen is seen to be swollen with fifty or more egg-like bodies, the dark eyes of which show conspicuously. These bodies are the pseudova, and the female commences at once to deposit them upon issuing from her dwelling. The young, which free themselves in the course of a few minutes from the confining pellicle, are of a pale yellowish-green, with black eyes. In structure, these young differ only from the preceding generation, at a similar age, by the somewhat nar- rowed body and by the promuscis reaching beyond the anus. Just where these young are deposited by the winged mother, I have not had oppor- tunity to ascertain. They probably found new galls, the process contin- uing until the late summer or autumn generation of winged females give birth to the sexual individuals, and these consign to the permanent
14 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Vol. V.
parts of the plant the winter egg. The probability is, also, that the stem-mother that hatches in the spring has a different habit, producing not improbably a quite different gall. ;
DESCRIPTIVE.
PEMPHIGUS POPULI-MONILIS, n. sp.— /Vinged female (Fig. 3, a): Average expanse 6.5™™, Black, the abdomen a little lighter, especially at the tip. Finely powdered with white; broad across the shoulders, the scutellar lobes of the mesonotum being rather more flattened than the prescutum; the head rather small and narrow. Antenne (Fig. 3, b) and legs rather short, the former reaching only to base of front wings; 6-jointed ; joints 1, 2, 4, and 5 subequal in length; 3 twice as long; 6 not quite as long as 3. Joints 1 and 2 very stout; 3, 4, and 5 somewhat clavate; nearly smooth above, but with about twelve deep constrictions beneath. Legs normal, with basal joint of tarsus (Fig. 3, f) tolerably well separated, and unguis stout. Wings subhyaline ; front wings with stigma strongly angulate, dusky, the lower portion almost black. Veins dusky, the costal and subcostal stout and darkest. Stigmal vein undulate, starting from a little beyond the middle of stigma. First and second discoidals almost connected at base [in three specimens entirely so], and the distance between them at tips about one-third greater than between 2d and 3d discoidals, and that between these two subequal with that between the last mentioned and stigmal; the 3d dis- coidal obsolete toward base. Fold of hind border but moderately thick. Hind wings ample, the hook-angle but moderate, the subcostal slightly undulate and considerably elbowed at basal third, whence spring the discoidals, the first bending slightly toward posterior margin, the second toward costal margin, the spaces between the tips of the costal and the discoidals subequal, and together rather more than half of posterior bor- der. [An examination of fourteen specimens only showed one with the third discoidal forked on both wings, and another with the same vein forked on the left wing, and the second discoidal also forked near tip.] When newly hatched, or in the first age, the basal joint of tarsus is scarcely perceptible, and the tarsal hairs are simple; the anten- nx (Fig. 3, ¢) are 4-jointed, the basal joint half as long as the 2d; 3d and 4th somewhat longer and subequal; the 4th suddenly narrowed at tip; the promuscis reaches be- yond hind cox. After first molt, the antenne (Fig. 3, d) are 5-jointed, the 4th very short and almost globular: the promuscis now reaches to the middle cox only. In the pupa state, the antennz are 6-jointed.
Young from winged female similar to the same stage of its parent, except in the promuscis reaching beyond anus (Fig. 3, e). Length 0.15™™,
Throughout Central Colorado, July (Riley); Southern Kansas (Monell).
HORMAPHIS SPINOSUS (Shimer).
[Gall (hamamelidis-spinosa) on stem of Hamamelis virginica in autumn, being a deforma- tion of the fruit-bud. ]
Another gall (Fig. 4,a) I have found in autumn on the stems of the Witch-hazel. It-is made by a new species of flocculent plant-louse, con- generic with one that is known to make conical galls on the leaves of the same plant. The gall is a deformation of the flower-bud, the puncture of the architect causing premature development, by which the calyx, bractlets, and petals are all changed into elongate bracts, more or less pointed terminally, and more or less completely soldered together. at bases, so as to form a thin wall. In August, the gall is green and crowded inside with lice in all stages of growth, from the newly-born to the pupa and winged female, intermixed with floceulent matter and watery globules, the insects themselves being rather evenly covered witb
No.1.] RILEY AND MONELL ON APHIDIDA. 15
a fine white powder. Later in the season, the tips of the bracts become blunter, and the gall becomes browner, and recalls externally the fruit- pod which would have developed the ensuing year. Jt is now perforated at some point, generally near either the top or base, and through the aperture the insects have either made their exit or may be noticed doing so. The young from the winged female are quite characteristic, being strongly granulated, and, as they were found as late as the end of Octo- ber, they probably hibernate on the permanent parts of the tree. The sexed individuals and the stem-mother are yet unknown. The species was first described in 1867 by Dr. H. Shimer of Mt. Carroll, Il, who erected a new genus for it and another well-known species on the same plant, not aware that the genus had been previously characterized by Baron Osten Sacken, in 1861.
HORMAPHIS SPINOSUS.
Hamamelistes spinosus, Shimer, Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. i, p. 284, 1867.
Winged female (Fig.4, b): Expanse 5™™, Color dark brown, uniformly pulverulent, the abdomen slightly paler and filled with egg-like bodies. Head with a frontal tu- berele, and with the promuscis not reaching to beyond front coxe. Antenne (Fig. 4, d) reaching to base of front wing; 5-jointed, joints 1 and 2 bulbous and smooth, the others with about 50 close and regular and well-defined annulations; joint 3 six times as long as 1 and 2 together; joints 4 and 5 each half as long as 3, the terminal joint not being narrowed at tip. Thorax with the pronotum well defined, mesonotum having a thickened anterior border, with two small angles in front; the scutellar lobes and preescutum small. Tibize with a lobe each side at juncture with tarsus, the basal joint of tarsus not distinctly separated, and the tip furnished with two superior, knobbed hairs. Wings hyaline, the stigma and costal area fuliginous, the stigma pointed, but only slightly broadened; first discoidal almost transverse, second do. starting from it at upper third; cubital running straight toward base of first discoi- dal, but usually obsolete at basal half; terminal space between second discoidal and cubital wider than between it and the stigmal. Hind wings with the hooks strong, the costal vein straight, and a single discoidal, the first being obsolete. [Out of20 specimens examined, I find the basal portion of the first discoidal of front wing connecting with the second at base, either on one wing (2 specimens) or on both wings (4 specimens), and in two cases this first discoidal is complete on one wing and incomplete on the other. ] Larva quite broad and squarish anteriorly, with a frontal tubercle (Fig.4, h), and with the antenne 4-jointed; promuscis reaching to hind coxe ; color brown, with mesonotal lobes more yellowish. Transverse dorsal rows of four piliferous spots are faintly observable. Antenne after first molt 5-jointed, and promuscis hardly reaching to mid- dle coxe. Pupa with similar antenne and somewhat shorter promuscis.
Young from winged female (Fig. 4, ¢) : Resembling the larva of preceding generation, but distinguished by the absence of frontal tubercle, and by having the surface, ex- cept mesio-ventrally, evenly and conspicuously granulated. The terminal joint of antennze also shows some constrictions (Fig. 4, ¢).
PEMPHIGUS POPULI-TRANSVERSUS, n. sp.
[Gall (populi-transversa, Fig. 5, a-b) formed upon the petiole near the base of the leaf of Populus monilifera and P. balsamifera. An elongate-oval swelling, causing the curv- ing and broadening of the petiole, and opening on the opposite side by a transverse slit, with a whitish, slightly thickened, and elevated margin, recalling human lips. By the latter part of June, the stem-mother is surrounded with young of various sizes, all covered with the usual white secretion, and mixed with the liquid globules. Winged females produced in autumn, sometimes not until the leaves have fallen. ]
Winged female (Fig. 5, c): Expanse 7™, Pruinescent, with the abdomen more yel- lowish, inclining to green. Antennz (Fig. 5, d) reaching a little beyond the base of
.
16 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Vol V.
front wings; smooth; joints 3, 4, and 5 cylindrical, and of equal thickness; 3 as long as the other two together; 6 more slender at basc, and with the apical unguis nearly as long as 3. Thorax with mesonotal swellings small. Terminal distance between 1st and 2d discoidal veins of front wings nearly equal to that between this last and the stigmal vein; discoidals almost connected; cubital obsolete at base; subcostal heavy; stigma scarcely wider than subcostal space, acuminate at tip, and with the vein starting a little in front of its middle. Hind wings with the discoidals connected - at base, where the subcostal is slightly produced. Legs normal. Abdomen showing about 30 pseudova, and with 4 dorsal rows of faint piliferous dots. Pupa with joints 1, 2, 4, and 5 of antenne subequal in length. The wingless forms are pale creamy- yellow, with faintly dusky members.
Missouri, Southern Texas, and Colorado (Riley). May possibly be popularia, Fitch, the description of which does not admit of identification.
This gall occurs all over the West and Southwest, and while it nor- mally occurs in the position and of the form described, it may occur on any part of the petiole, and the opening may be more or less oblique, or form a mere circular hole. Sometimes two and even three coalesce. The lip-like bulging is, however, constant. In the galls, after they had. fallen to the ground, I have found in Southern Texas a number of large, yellow, apterous females of an undescribed Phylloxera, surrounded with their numerous eggs and with young of all sizes—a fact that would be extremely confounding were Phylloxera and Pemphigus not so easily dis- tinguished.
PEMPHIGUS POPULI-RAMULORUM, n. sp.
[Forming an irregular globular gall (populi-ramulorum), often somewhat flattenea. on the twigs of Populus ‘balsamifer a in Colorado. The gall averages 15™™ in diam- eter, and opens in a suture sometimes transverse, sometimes oblique, but more often longitudinal with the axis of the twig: exceptionally the opening isround and bulging. Green when fresh, it becomes gray and woody with age. }
PEMPHIGUS POPULI-RAMULORUM.— Winged female: Alar expanse 6.8™™, Black and pruinescent, scarcely distinguishable from populi-transversus, except by the more an- nulate antenne, the 4th, 5th, and 6th joints of which are much narrowed at base. The 6th joint (including subjoint) scarcely as long as 3d. The pupa is yellowish, with black eyes, and pulverulent.
Colorado (Riley).
Several of the species of Pemphigus forming galls upon Populus so closely resemble each other that they could not well be separated as species were it not for the differences in the galls they produce. Future careful in- vestigation may show that the same species will produce different abnor- mities, and be slightly modified in appearance according as it affects different parts of the plant; but until we have such proof, the presump- tion is that the different galls are produced by distinct species, however similar the architects are in general appearance.
PEMPHIGUS ACERIFOLIL, n. sp.
[Living in abundant and long cottony excretion, on the under side of the leaves of Acer dasyean ‘pum, causing them to curl, and exuding an abundance of thick and very glutinous ‘Choney- dew.” ]
PEMPHIGUS ACERIFOLU, n. sp.—Winged female: Alar expanse 10™™, Head and thorax bluish-black. Abdomen black, covered with long cottony threads. Antennz reaching the wing-insertions; annnlations not conspicuous; joints 3, 4, 5, and 6 somewhat contracted at base and apex; apical unguis not perceptible; joints 5 and 6
Motte. RILEY AND MONELL ON APHIDIDA. phi
subequal; 4 distinctly clavate; 3 as long as the two preceding together. Wings subhyaline, of ‘a whitish tinge; subcostal vein and the inner margin of the s stigma black; oblique veins whitish; ante short and broad, not angled at the base of the stigmal vein, which starts from a little behind its fara! and is comparatively straight, thereby making the apical cell rather narrow. Terminal distances between the veins subequal, that between 2d discoidal and cubital somewhat greatest; basal one-third of the cubitus hyaline, but not abortive, as it can usually be traced i its base, which is very close to that of the second discoidal; bases of the two discoidals either r ap- proximate or quite contiguous; discoidals of the hind wings proceeding connectedly from the subcostal vein. Larva with 5-jointed antenne, and the promuscis extending beyond tip of abdomen. , June—July; Saint Louis, Mo. (Riley); Clinton, N. J. (Prof. W. D. Robbins).
PEMPHIGUS FRAXINIFOLII, n. sp.
[Infesting the terminal leaves of Fraxinus americanus and F. sambucifolia from spring till late summer, and producing a twisted curl thereof; the young lice varying in color from deep glaucous to livid, very floceulent and exuding the liquid globules quite copiously. Wi need females appearing early in June. ]
PEMPHIGUS FRAXINIFOLU, n. sp.— Winged female: Alar expanse 5.7™™, Head and thorax dusky: abdomen dark green: antenn:e reaching by the nena of the apical jaint beyond costal base of front wings; inconspicuously annulated and with joints 3—6 but moderately narrowed at base; ita 3as long as 4 and 5 together; 6 (including unguis) nearly #ths as long again as 5, with the unguis distinct and of eerie length. Seutellar lobes of mesonotum broad andl well marked. Legs normal. Wings hyaline; stigma linear, or not wider than subcostal space, yellowish and poorly defined sanignt orly; veins very slender and sub-hyaline, the stigmal most distinct, starting a little in front of middle of stigma, and but faintly cnrved; cubital almost invisible, but not obsolete at base, where it nearly joins the 2d discoidal. Terminal spaces between Ist and 2d discoidals, and between this last and cubital, subequal; that between cubital and stigmal only half as great. Diseoidals of hind wings proceeding connectedly from subcostal. Promuscis reaching beyond fr ont cox; abdomen with 7 rather large roundish spots each side, each sending out 2 hairs. cen some specimens the cubital starts independently ft the subcostal; in others it joins the 2d discoidal a short dis- tance from base.] Pupa with the 3d joint of antenne relatively somewhat shorter.
Larva of probable second generation: Antenne smooth, 4-jointed; joint 3 somewhat longer than 4, and as long as 1 and 2 together; apical nipple }th as long as the 4th joint. Promuscis slender, reaching beyond hind cox:e. Legs rather long and stout. Tibi, tarsi, and anal Suan of abdomen with a few conspicuous hairs. Full-grown, Aes female, probably of this same generation, ditfers in having 6-jointed antenne, proportioned much as in the winged female.
Larva from winged female ; pr gbehla Jour th generation: Antenne 5-jointed; joints 1, 2, 3, 4, subequal inlength; 3, 4, stowter; 5 very short and rounded at t tip. Promuscis very low@, reaching beyond tip be audomen:
Tolerably common at Saint Louis, Mo. (Riley, Monell); Sauk City, Wis. (Thomas).
The life-history of this insect has not been fully studied, as the sexed individuals and the winter egg haye not been observed. It will doubt- less be found to agree in most particulars with that of Schizoneura ameri- cand.
The species stands somewhat in the same relation to the European Pemphigus fJravini (Fabr.)* as does Schizoneura americana to 8. ulmi. The European species is larger, with the wing-veins differently placed, and inhabits the twigs and stems , instead of the leaves; but otherwise there is a good deal of eeeinience between the two.
* bumeliw, Schrank.
Bull. vy, 1——2
18 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Vol. V.
; PAR Elie
NOTES ON APHIDINA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPE- CIES.—J. MONELL.
Siphonophora, Koch.
Rostrum moderately long.
Antenne seated on more or less conspicuous tubercles; longer or atleast as long as the body; third joint long; first joint subeylindric; seventh joint setaceous, very much longer than the preceding; frontal tubercles approximate.
Nectaries long, subcylindric, slender.
Style (cauda) long, often compressed, falchion-shaped.
Legs slender, very long.
Wings deflexed.
Front wings with four oblique veins; the cubitus twice forked.
Hind wings with two oblique veins.
So far as is known, the oviparous females in this genus are always apterous and the males winged. The males usually have smaller ab- domens, larger wings, and longer antennz than the viviparous winged females. As inmost other Aphidide, the antenne are, strictly speaking, six jointed, the so-called seventh joint being merely a slender prolonga- tion of the true sixth joint.
Whatever opinion one may hold as to the characters that should be considered of generic importance, the first requirement of a system of classification must be practicability. In a family like the Aphidide, where the species are numerous and exceedingly difficult to study, I should be inclined to accept any generic arrangement, however arbi- trary, if it were but practicable. What Walsh said of species is equally applicable to genera. The only valid practical criterion of generic dis- tinetness is the general non-existence of intermediate grades in the dis- tinctive characters. Even granting that the existence or non-existence of the frontal tubercles would be of generic importance, which I very much doubt, the genera depending on this character must be united, as they are connected by so many intermediate gradations that it is im- possible to fix a limit between them. So little is known in regard to these insects that for the present I prefer retaining the genera as gen- erally adopted, as it would be useless, and only add to the confusion, to propose a generic arrangement which future observations may overturn. Though the connecting links between some of the genera have not yet been discovered, yet, as these genera are based on comparative, and not absolute, differences, it is more than probable that future discoveries will force us to unite most, if not all, of the genera of the Aphidine, and to readopt the generic arrangement given by Kaltenbach.
SIPHONOPHORA ACHYRANTES, n. sp.—Apterous females: Pale green, with a dark irres-
nlar stripe on each side of the abomen; in fully developed specimens occasionally with an additional short stripe near the basal part of the abdomen, extending over several
No. 1.) RILLY AND MONELL ON APHIDIDZ. 19
segments. Winged females: Head, prothorax, and sometimes the upper segments of the abdomen, brownish-black; the upper part of the thorax with a narrow, but conspicu- ous, transverse, yellow band; general color of the abdomen pale green, with irregular, broken, transverse, dark brown lines, three of these often becoming confluent, and pro- ducing a dark patch in the centre of the abdomen, just above the honey-tubes. Nee- taries long, cylindrical, slightly dusky at their apices. Style long, slender, slightly curved upwards, more or less dusky. Length of the antennx a little variable, as long as the body, or slightly longer. Frontal tubercles approximate at base, and somewhat porrect. Wings hyaline; stigma rather narrow and linear; stigmal vein very sheri, and curved much as in the genus Callipterus. The forklets of the cubitus are espe- cially variable, their length being in one case four times and in another one-half that portion of the cubitus between the base of the lower branch and the base of the fork- lets. In the normal specimens, these distances are subequal. Length 2.28"™; to tip of wings 3.81™™,
On the under side of leaves of Achyrantes (Amarantacer). This is the first species that has been noticed as infesting plants belonging to this order. A species closely allied to this occurs on Polygonum and another on Lettuce, but my notes on their colors are not sufficient to enable me to describe them satisfactorily.
SIPHONOPHORA CALENDULELLA, n. sp.—Viviparous apterous females: General color very pale whitish-green, varying to yellowish. Antenne whitish, as long as the body, mounted on porrect tubercles. Legs yellowish, except the tarsi. The nectaries and short style concolorous. Length 1.27—1,77™™,
On the under side of leaves of Calendula micrantha. July, Saint Louis, Mo. Described from four viviparous females and two pupe.
This species can be easily distinguished from the allied+S. achyrantes by its very much paler colors, and by having the frontal tubercles more porrect in the apterous form.
What use the porrect tubercles can be to an Aphid I am unable to surmise, but I have observed on three cceasions single individuals be- longing respectively to S. achyrantes, S. calendulella, and Phorodon ma- haleb, which held a small fragment of some black extraneous substance tightly clasped between the tubercles. Whether this was accidental or not, I will not presume to say.
SIPHONOPHORA GRANARIA (Kirby).
Aphis granaria, Wirby, Linn. Trans. iv, 238. hordei, Kyber. cerealis, Kalt. avene, Fitch, et auct. amer.
Siphonophora cerealis, Koch, Kalt., Pass. et auct. plur. avene, Thos. granaria, W'llk., Buckt.
Tt is impossible to determine whether this is the Aphis avenw of Fabr. _ and Gmelin, as these authors give no description of the species. 8S. cerealis seems to be the name which has been generally adopted in Europe, while S. avene is the one universally adopted in America.
SIPHONOPHORA TULIP, n. sp.—Aplerous females: Pale green, with a dusky-green stripe down the middle and darker green on the margins of the abdomen. Winged in-
20 BULLETIN UNITOD STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Vol. V.
dividuals with the antenne as long as, or a very little longer than, the body, mounted on
conspicuous tubercles which are not porrect; apical joint long and threadlike, longer
than the fifth, and about tive times as long asthesixth. Honey-tubes very ions dusky
ae apex. Tail, when extended, about twice the lengthof the tarsi, palegreen. Length 3.J4mm> to tip of wings 4.82",
On petals and stigma of Tulips, April; Saint Louis, Mo.
I believe that no other Aphidide have been found on Liliaceous plants, excepting an undescribed Aphis collected by Prof. Riley on Yucca flowers at Greeley, Colo.
SIPHONOPHORA TILLE, n. sp.—Apterous individuals: Head and thorax yellowish or yellowish-green ; donen green; nectaries with the basal one-third green, apical por- tion black. + Winged individuals : feed and thorax reddish-yellow ; abdomen and style green. Antenne about twice as long as the body, mounted on conspicuous tubercles. Wings hyaline. Stigma yellowish. Nectaries subcylindric, four or five times as long as the tarsi. Length 2.54-3.04™™; to tip of wings 5.08™™, j
On the under side of Linden leaves, causing them to eri.
SIPHONOPHORA LIRIODENDRI, n. sp.—inged female: Head, thorax, and two basal joints of the antenne red. Abdomen green. Nectaries and apical portion of the an- tenn black. Antenne much longer than the body; the tubercle near the apex of the fifth joint very distinct. Nectaries usually slightly incrassated at the base, about four times as long as the tarsi. Style slender, when fully extended one-ihird as long as the nectaries, more or less greenish. Wings hyaline. Stigma lone, much tapered at base and apex; apex acute, nearly opposite the middle of the stigmal vein. Distance between the apex of the stigmal vein and the apex of the upper forklet equal to half that between the forklets. Length 2.54™™; to tip of wings 4.57™™,
On Liriodendron tulipifera, Sune, July; Saint Louis, Mo. The leaves on which this species lives do not curl up as in S. tiliw, but soon turn brown ‘and drop off.
The following form also occurs on Liriodendron, sometimes in company with the above, but more frequently by itself. I can find no structural differences between the two; but as it seems to present the same differ- ences in coloration in all its sees, it is possible that it may deserve to _ rank as a distinet species.
Var. rurA.—General color pale reddish. Abdomen: with the eround-color green, the margins red, and a red longitudinal stripe in the middle. Stigma whitish or slightly dusky. Tibi, tarsi, antennz,‘and nectaries black. Style reddish.
June, July. Saint Louis, Mo.
Walker mentions the occurrence of a red variety of S. rose (Linn.).
SIPHONOPHORA CRATZGI, n. sp.—Apterous individuals : General color pale yellowish- green, with a darker green mark on each side of the base of the abdomen and scarcely perceptible, darker green, irregular marks near the base of the nectaries. Antenne about three times as long as the body, black, with the basal third pale greenish ; frontal tubercles fully as long as the second antennal joint; seventh joint tapering to an exceedingly slender point, in the adult apterous individuals as long as the fourth, fifth, and sixth joints taken together. Nectaries long, subcylindric, extending beyond the tip of the abdomen, pale, almost translucent. Style half as long as the nectaries, pale yellowish. Legs entirely greenish. Length 2.98™m™,
No. 1.] RILEY AND MONELL ON APHIDIDZ. ?1
On the under side of leaves of Crataegus coccinea. J uly, Saint Louis, Mo. Described from four specimens.
The antennz are longer than in any Siphonophora known to me. This, together with the exceedingly long and slender seventh joint, will easily distinguish it from all described species.
SIPHONOPHORA SONCHELLA, n. sp.—General color very dark dull greenish-brown. Head and thorax inclined to fuscous. General color of legs green; apical half of femora black; tibiz dusky at base and apex; tarsi black. Tail yellowish-green, very long. Nectaries entirely black, reaching to the tip, subeylindric. Dorsum smooth. Antenne much longer than the body; black; third joint very tubercular; fourth joint dis- tinetly tubercular; remaining joints not so; third joint about as long as the fifth, sixth, wad seventh joints taken together; seventh joint as long as the fourth and fifth taken together. Length 2.28—2.78™™; to tip of wings 3.81™™,
On Sonchus oleracea. July, Saint Louis, Mo.
This species is remarkable for the habit of at once dropping to the ground when disturbed. Several other undescribed species which occur on this same plant can be distinguished by having the third joint of the antenne very much shorter.
SIPHONOPHORA CALENDULZ, n. sp.—Apterous individuals: General color brownish- black; dorsum smooth and shining, a little reddish towards the nectaries. Legs yel- low, except the knees, tarsi, and apex of the tibiw, which are jet-black. Nectaries black, subcylindric, very long. Style yellow, slender, acute, two-thirds as long as the nectaries or a little less. Winged individuals: General color black; head and thorax slightly fuscous.. Antenne black, half as long again as the body; third joint as long as the sixth and fifth taken together, very slightly tubercular; the following joints not so. Neetaries slightly fuscous towards the apex. Wings hyaline. Length 2.28—3.04™™>; to tip of wings 3.81—4.56™™,
On stems of Calendula micrantha. June—July, Saint Louis, Mo.
I have specimens of what is perhaps this same species, taken at Cor- dova, Ill., on Bidens chrysanthemoides, but having made no notes on the colors, cannot decide positively.
The allied North American species may be arranged as follows: ee CLV RLINT eS ue TiC geese se rs oe | je rudbeckia.
AA. Body dark brown. Lb. Dorsum smooth.
C. Third and fourth joints of the antennx very tuberenlar.......--. sonchella. CC. Fourth joint not tubercular. Third joint short ....-......... calendule. BB. Dorsum of the apterous individuals more or less covered with tuber- CHOS Co OS Seba e ae ACCU Oe ee Bee ae nag oe ea aes a ambrosiv.
SIPHONOPHORA RUDBECKIZ, Fitch.
This species has been taken at Saint Louis on Vernonia noveboracen- sis, V. Lindheimeriana, Solidago rigida, 8S. serotina, Bidens chrysanthe- moides, Ambrosia trifida, Cirsiwn arvense, Silphium perfoliatum, 8. inte- grifolia, and Cacalia suaveolens. A yellowish-red variety has been found on Cirsium. It is rather remarkable that Rafinesque should have over- looked this species, which I believe is the commonest of all American
22 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Vol. Vv.
Aphidians, and is very generally distributed over the eastern portion of - the United States.
SIPHONOPHORA FRAGARIZ?, Koch, var. IMMACULATA, Riley.*
According to Professor Riley, this form is similar to S: fragarie Koch, differing chiefly in lacking the row of minute black spots on each side of the back, and in the head of the apterous females not being black, but yellowish. November, Kansas City, Mo.
* Professor Thomas omits this species in his “‘ List of the Aphidini which have been heretofore named,” &c. As the great merit of a list is completeness, the following enumeration of omitted species may serve as a supplement to that author’s paper:
Siphonophora fragarie var. immaculata Riley, Rural World, December, 1875.
Aphis quercifolii Walsh, Ent. Soc. Phila. i, December, 1862, Genera of N. Am. Aphide.
Aphis carduella Walsh, 1. ¢.
Aphis tritici Fitch, 1861, (loc. ignot.). Referred to in Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1867, p. 26, Library Catalogue.
Aphis rubecula Haldm. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. i, p. 168, 1844.
Aphis bicolor Haldm. 1. c. p. 168.
Aphis marginipennis Haldm. 1. ¢. p. 168.
Aphis pilosa Haldm. 1. ¢. p. 169.
Aplis discolor Haldm. 1. c. p. 169.
Aphis verticolor Raf. Am. Monthly Mag. and Critical Review, i, p. 361, 1817.
Aphis furcipes Raf. 1. c. i, 361.
Aphis rhodryas Raf. 1. c. iii, 15, 1818.
Aphis diplepha Raf. 1. ec. iii, 15.
Aphis oreaster Raf. 1. c. ii, 17.
Aphis gibbosa Raf. 1. ce. ii, 17.
Aphis xanthelis Raf. 1. ¢. iii, 17.
Aphis annulipes Raf. 1. ¢. iii, 17.
Aphis ambrosia Raf. (nec Thos.) iii, 17.
Aphis acaroides Raf. 1. c. iii, 17.
Callipterus mucidus Fitch, N. Y. Rept. iii, § 20.
Callipterus castanee Fitch, 1. c. ii, § 199.
Callipterus bella (Walsh), Aphis bella Walsh, 1. ec.
Calaphis betulella Walsh, 1. ec.
Whether or not the writings of Rafinesque on the Aphidide are deserving of credence and acceptance is a question which I do not propose to discuss; I however think that such of his species as are named in accordance with the binomial rule should be placed in the same list as the early descriptions of Fitch, and, like them, should be held subject to recognition. The recognition of these imperfectly described species is little more than a matter of courtesy, and mere courtesy would never prevail on us to burden the nomenclature of the Aphidide with such sesquipedalians as Aphis melampyrum-lati- folium, &e.
Rafinesque’s statement that A. diervilla-lutea and A. erigeron-philadelphicum have bent antennz, on account of which he erects the genus Loxerates, would make me doubt whether they belonged to the Aphidide, but his mentioning the nectaries in the de- scription of the latter species places the matter beyond doubt. It is probable that the antenn are merely bent back over the body, as in many species of Siphonophora. Cla- doxus Rat. does not belong to the Aphidide. Inclusive of Rafinesque’s binomial species (and excluding the trinomial ones), the deseribed Ap hididw of the United States amount in all to 166 species, 107 of which belong to the Aphidine.
Wo. 1.) RILEY AND MONELL ON APHIDIDZ. 23
The strawberries on which these Aphides occurred came from Palmyra, N. Y., and South Bend, La., from which places this species was probably imported. From an examination of a single dry specimen in the cabinet of Professor Riley, Iam inclined to think that this will prove to be a distinct species. The second cubital cell is smaller than in S. fragarie, and the distance between the first and second discoidals a little more than twice that between their bases.
Aphis, Linn. (emend.).
Rostrum moderately long.
Antenne remote at base, not seated on frontal tubercles, or seated on very incon- spicuous ones; usually smooth, and generally shorter than the body.
Seventh joint longer than the sixth.
Front flat or convex.
Nectaries subcylindric, rarely very small, very rarely none.
Style more or less prominent, very rarely none.
Wings deflexed.
Front wings with four oblique veins, the cubitus twice forked.
Hind wings with two oblique veins.
APHIS LUTESCENS, n. sp.—Winged individuals: General color bright lemon-yellow. Antenne somewhat pilose, a little shorter than the body. The length of the joints is quite variable: in some specimens, the third joint is subequal to the preceding, while in others it is one-third longer. Seventh joint filiform, very much longer than the third. Nectaries somewhat dusky, gently tapering from base to apex, the apical diameter being about two-thirds that of the base; about three times as long as the tarsi. Style dusky yellow, blunt at apex, when fully extended about half the length
_of the nectaries. Fore wings hyaline; stigma dusky yellowish, acute at the apex, which is opposite the middle of the stigmal vein. Stigmal vein in one regular curve. Discoidal veins of the hind wings nearly parallel; subcostal comparatively straight. Length 1.65—2.03"™; to tip of wings 3.04—3.54™™,
On Asclepias syriaca. July, September. Saint Louis, Mo.; Montrose, Iowa; Dubuque, Iowa; Rock Island, Ll.; Cordova, IIL.
The very bright yellow color will at once distinguish this from other North American species.
APHIS VEkNONIZ, Thos.—JVinged individuals: Abdomen pale yellow; head and thorax somewhat dusky. Antenne two-thirds as long as the body, the fourth, fitth, and sixth joints subequal to the third. Nectaries cylindric, very slender, about three times as long as the tarsi.
Aphis beccabunge, with which Professor Thomas supposes this may be identical, has the nectaries and tail black (Passerini).
APHIS SETARIA (Thos.). Siphonophora setaric, Thos. Dl. St. Lab. Nat. Hist. ii, 5. Siphonophora panicola, Thos. 1. ¢.
The peculiar brownish-red color of this species will easily distinguish it from other non-pulverulent species. The bases of the tibiz are always pale yellowish. Leaves and spikes of Panicum proliferum. August— September. Saint Louis, Mo.; Keokuk, Iowa; Kock Island, Il.
' APHIS CALENDULICOLA, n. sp.—Apterous individuals: General color uniform pale green, the disk of the abdomen usually a little paler, often with a few faint, irregular,
2A BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Vol. Vv.
darker green marks near the base of the nectaries. Antenne about two-thirds as long as the body, pale, slightly dusky towards the apex; apical joint as long as, or slightly longer than, the third. Nectaries entirely black, slightly tapered towards the apex, twice as long as the tarsi. Style short, pale green. Legs entirely pale, except the faintly dusky tarsi and tips of the tibie. Length f.52m™™,
On the under side of leaves of Calendula micrantha. July; Saint Louis, Mo. This species may be expected to occur on the genus Tagetes, to which the “French marigold” belongs. The apical joint of the rostrum is rather short and robust.
APHIS CEPHALANTHI, Thos.
This species does not approach the genus Callipterus, as its deseriber supposes. The semicircular fourth vein, which I suppose suggested this, is a character common to many species of Aphidine, and is only valuable in distinguishing some genera from Lachnus. <A closely alhed species occurs on Penthorum sedoides (Crassulacee), having much the same color, and showing the same characteristic pruinose spots.
APHIS MEDICAGINIS, Koch.
On Caragana arborescens, Robinia viscosa, and Melilotus italica. This species has not been previously noticed as occurring in America. ‘The shining black dorsum of fully developed individuals will distinguish it from other American species.
Length 1.27—1.77""; to tip of wings 2.54—3.04™™. July; Saint Louis, Mo.
APHIS SALICICOLA (Thos.).
Stiphonophora salicicola, Thos. Bull. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 8. Aphis brevifurca, Moul. MSS.
In April last, Miss E. A. Smith sent me a short nectaried Aphidian, which I have provisionally referred to the genus Cladobius, with the in- formation that it was the same species which she had sent to Professor Thomas the previous year, and which he had deseribed as S. salicicola. Thinking the error a very strange one, I wrote to Professor Thomas in regard to it, and have received through his kindness a number of type- specimens of salicicola, an examination of! which proves them identical with an Aphis, which I have previously found on leaves of Blue-grass. It is very probable that the labels on the vials containing these two species were interchanged, or else that the two species were mixed to- gether; though it is not impossible that the species may occur on both _ grass and willow. I should have thought that the error was made by myself had I not collected this species on two separate occasions. The stigma is rather linear, a little wider than the forklets are long, and tapered at apex. Forklets of the cubitus smaller than in any known species, their length being about one-fifth the distance between their bases and that of the lower cubital branch.
Length 1.27—2.03™; alar expanse 5.84, April.
The species plainly belongs to Aphis, and not to Siphonophora.
No. 1.] RILEY AND MONELL ON APHIDIDZ. 25
APHIS CORNIFOLIA, Fitch.—Winged individual: Head and thorax dusky; abdomen dark fuscous. Fore femora entirely yellow; hind temoro, yellow only at, base; base of the tibix yellow in all the legs; tarsi more or less dusky. Antenne more or less dusky, as long as, or a little longer than, the body. Nectaries dusky, cylindric, scarcely longer than the tarsi. Abdomen truneate. Style dusky, short, but distinct. Wings hyaline. The stigma projecting somewhat above the margin, much as in A. corcopsidis, tapered abruptly at apex. Costa and stigma pale yellow; oblique veins dusky. Apterous individuals pulverulent.
Length 1.27™™; to tip of wings 2.280™,
On the under side of leaves of Cornus florida and C. paniculata, June— July; Saint Louis, Mo.
APHIS CRATAGIFOLLA, Fitch.
This interesting species belongs to the genus Aphis, sensu strictiori, and can be distinguished from its allies by its longer stigma, which is gently tapered at apex, and prolonged until opposite the middle of the stigmal vein. This is evidently the same species as that mentioned by Walsh (Phil. Ent. Soe. 1862, p. 301).
On Crategus coccinea, Saint Louis, Mo., June.
APHIS ATRIPLICIS, Linn.
The common Aphis on Chenopodiacee appears to be identical with the Huropean. Its oceurrence in America has not been previously noticed. Saint Louis, Mo. ; Carbondale, Il. (Miss N. Middleton).
APHIS HYPERICI, n. sp.—Winged indwiduals: General color light reddish, covered with pulverulent matter; antenne on short tubercles, a little longer than the body ; third joint as long as the fourth, fifth, and sixth taken together; apical joint about twice as long as the preceding. Wings hyaline; stigmal vein much curved ; distance between the base of the cubitus and that of the stigmal vein equal to the distance between the apices of the lower forklet and the lower branch of the cubitus. Nec- taries very short, only detected with difficulty. Tail reddish, little over half as long as the tarsi, slender and terete.
Length 1.06—1.27"™; to tip of wings 1.77—2.28™m,
Living in colonies on the young twigs and under side of leaves of Hypericum kalmianum, to which species it seems to be confined. July, Saint Louis, Mo.
The allied American pulverulent Species may be arranged as follows:
A. Nectaries scarcely perceptible.
Pycencralcolortedises: ots cc ceo. et ODES IE BCE SC apI Seta a hyperici. bb. General color green..... Seed GSC OSR SSC CSE EA CECS SEAS Bers? ere lonicera.
AA. Nectaries distinct: b. Nectaries longer than the style, both more or less dusky. e. Abdomen of the winged individuals dusky or reddish; antennz more than half as long as the body. d. Body red or dusky-reddish, with two pruinose spots on base of abdo- LR OR eter svetsre eat Ae a ee ame Mp el FSW Lae Ak cephalanthi. dd. Body dusky, without pruinose spots ...-.....--..----...-. cornifolia. ec, Abdomen of winged individuals green or yellowish-green. d. Antenne half as long as the body ; nectaries as long as the tarsi;
FSU TAGIEST) (S100 HPA TEIDIST EM Gaee eS NG a midis. dd. Antennx two-thirds as long as the body ; nectaries scarcely half as leneiasviiie,tarsr ye. sete sek ek Se) sy fae cdiatise aieeas brassicae.
bb. Nectaries and style green, subequal; as long as the tarsi............ atriplicis.
26 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Vol. V.
APUIS LONICER, n. sp.—Winged individuals: Green, often with two darker green longitudinal stripes. Head and thorax brownish. Antennz about as long as the body ; frontal tubercles short, but distinct; apical joint filiform, as long as the two preced- ing taken together. Rostrum reaching below the second pair of coxe. Wings hya- line; stigma rather long. Nectaries scarcely projecting above the surface of the abdo- men. Lateral edges of the abdomen with four or five very short, green, mammiform tubercles. Style uot perceptible. Length 2.54™™; to tip of wings 4.572,
On young twigs and leaves of Lonicera. Living in colonies, covered with an abundant pulverulent secretion; May—July, St. Louis, Mo.
APHIS PRUNIFOLII, Fitch, N. Y. State Agric. Trans. 1854, p. 826.
It is doubtful whether prunifolic Fitch is identical with prunt Koch; but even should they prove to beindentical, it has not yet been satisfac- torily shown that Koch’s name has precedence. Were the dates/on the title-pages of these two books correct, Fitch would have three years’ priority; but from what Carus and Engelmann say about Koch’s work, it is probable that the second number was published in the latter half of 1854. The exact date of Fitch’s article I have been unable to as- certain. At Saint Louis, this species occurs only on varieties of native Plums.
APHIS CANDICANS, Fitch.
Professor Thomas’s citation of Fitch’s name as the describer of this species is doubtless a clerical error, as no such species as A. candicans has ever been deseribed, and the only other mention of the name that we have been able to find is that given in a compiled article im Ill. St. Hort. Soc. Trans. x, p. 169 (1877), where it is printed without giving either deseription or authority. Professor Thomas informs me that he feels sure that he has seen some description of this species keh Fitch, but is unable to say where.
APHIS HELIANTHI, n. sp. : Varying from pale green to dark green, with various irregular and variable darker shadings on the abdomen, the most constant and conspicuous of which is a dark green transverse band on the segment above the nectaries. Nectaries dusky; style, at least the apical two-thirds, pale dusky. Winged individuals: Head and thorax jet-black; abomen green, with a Cone verse band on the segment above the nectaries, and océasionally with some darker spots on the margin. Antenne two-thirds as long as the body, entirely black; third joint as long as the two preceding taken together; fourth and fifth joints subequal. Nectaries subeylindric, pale dusky, hardly reaching the base of the style, and less than twice the length of the tarsi. Wings hyaline; venationnormal. Length 1.77™; to tip of wings 3.04—3.29™™,
On stems and leaves of Helianthus, Saint Louis, Mo.
Rhopalosiphum, Koch.
Similar to Aphis, but with the nectaries clavate.
RHOPALOSIPHUM SALICIS, n. sp.— Hinged individuals: Head and thorax dusky; abdo- men yreen, with various irregular, darker green markings. Antenne about half as long as the body, not mounted on frontal tubercles ; the third and fourth joints some- what dentate; apical joint half as long again as the preceding; third and fourth joints
a
No. 1.] RILEY AND MONELL ON APHIDIDA. 27
often subconnate. Nectaries light green, reaching to the tip; the basal portion slender, expanding at the middle to twice its former diameter, and again suddenly contracted at the mouth, which is furnished with the usual annulus. Tail yellowish, about one- third as long as the nectaries.
Length 1.62™™5 to tip of wings 3.04™™, Apterous individuals entirely pale grecn, with two darker green dorsal vittie.
On the under side of leaves of Salix lucida, S. nigra, and 8. babylonica. June, Saint Louis, Mo. This species comes under Siphocoryne Pass., but I do not think that the characters given by Passerini justify its Separation from Rhopalosiphum Koch.
RHOPALOSIPHUM RHOIS, n. sp.— Winged individuals: Antenne a little longer than the body, mounted on very inconspicuous tubercles; joints proportioned as usual; seventh joint a little longer than the two preceding taken together. Nectaries three times as long as the slender style; the diameter of the apical two-thirds in normal speci- mens nearly twice the basal diameter; the apex contracted to about the same dia- meter as the base, and with the mouth very slightly flaring.
Length 1.52—2.02™™ ; to tip of wings 3.81™™,
This interesting species was collected some years ago on an undeter- mined species of Sumach. The only note of its colors that I have is that the general color is reddish-brown.
Individuals occasionally occur having one of the nectaries lacking the basal constriction, and I have seen a single specimen having one of its nectaries subeylindrie.
Drepancsiphum, Koch.
Rostrum short. Antennz long and slender, seated on frontal tubercles ; third and setaceous sev-
enth joint long.
Nectaries long, enlarged beneath towards the base.
Style inconspicuous or none.
Wings long.
Front wings with four oblique veins; the cubitus twice forked; marginal cell elongated towards the apex of the wing.
Hind wings with two discoidals.
Habits sporadic.
Professor Passerini is evidently in error in uniting this genus with Siphonophora. Its structure, habits, and the non-existence of viviparous apterous females point towards a relationship with the genus Callipterus, together with which it may be considered as forming a group in the Aphidine.
DREPANOSIPHUM ACERIFOLI (Thos. ).
Siphonophora accrifolie, Thos. Bull. ii, 1. St. Lab. Nat. Hist. Siphonophora acericola, Thos. (icon. 1. ¢.).
The antenne are longer and the marginal cell broader than in any previously described American Aphid. The nectaries reach about to the tip of the abdomen, and are suddenly dilated at base to twice the diameter of their apices. The stigmal vein is usually enlarged at base for a distance equal to the breadth of the stigma. The dorsal tubercles, though very characteristic, are not sufficient to warrant a generic sepa- ration. Some species of Callipterus have somewhat similar processes,
28 BULLITIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [ Vol. V.
and in some forms of Phylloxera Rileyi the tubercles are proportionally as great. The fore tibie have each a short robust tubercle on the front edge, close to the knee. Hairs on the dorsum cf apterous individuals capitate. Normal specimens in this locality have the cubitus and stig- mal veins lying in more or less distinct brown bands; in variety hyalinus, the wings lack these brown shadings, but do not diifer otherwise.
Callipterus, [och.
Rostrum short.
Antenne not on frontal tubercles, or else on very short ones, seven-jointed ; tran- sition from the sixth to the seventh joint very gradual.
Nectaries short, often scarcely perceptible.
Style short, enlarged at apex.
Wings deflexed; front wings with the stigmal vein much curved, not robust, usually more or less hyaline; cubital vein springing from near the base of the stigma; second discoidal sinuous.
Hind wings with two discoidals.
Body elongate, slender, of very pale colors.
Habits sporadic.
This genus seems to form a sort of transition between the Aphidine and Lachnine, and should be placed in the former section principally on account of the shortness of the rostrum. Several divisions of Callipterus have been proposed, based on the relative length of the sixth and sey- enth antennal joints, but in such species as I have examined this char- acter seems particularly variable and not deserving the importance which has been attached to it. In the species known to me, and probably in all European species, the wings are deflexed, but according to Fiteh the species described by him have the wings horizontal. I was at first inclined to doubt the accuracy of this statement, but as it is a character very easy to observe, and as Dr. Fitch mentions it on two separate occa- ‘sions, I do not see how he could possibly have made a mistake. Further investigation may possibly prove that his species do not appertain to this genus. As I have never been able to find viviparous apterous females, I consider it very probable that insects belonging to this genus acquire wings before producing living young.
A. Dorsum of winged individuals with spine-like tubercles. ....... C. ulmifolii, n. sp. AA. Dorsum without spine-like tubercles. a, Marginal cell dusky. b. Middle tibiz pale yellow. Femora pale yellow ...........--- C. walshii, n. sp. bb. Tibize black, Apical portion of femora black ............... C. bella (Walsh). aa. Marginal cell hyaline. ; ; b. Wings with transverse, shaded bands. c. Abdomen with conspicuous dusky spots --.........-. ns are C. discolor, n. sp. ec. Abdomen yellow, concolorous, or with very faint transverse bands. C. asclepiadis, n. sp. bb. Wings subhyaline. c. Nectaries distinct. d. Dusky shadings at tips of veins; a dusky mark at base of stigmal vein. C. punctata, D. sp.
No. 1.) RILEY AND MONELL ON APHIDIDZ. 29
dd. Wings hyaline. e. Apical joint of antennz a little longer than the sixth. Veins whitish. C. hyalinus, n. sp. ee. Apical joint of antennz three times as long as the sixth. First and sec-
ondidiscaidals blacks 22/4). 62 ev ledgok la C. betulecolens, n, sp.
cc. Nectaries not perceptible. Cavan s Pyelime: 22 se! i) of UGCHERe SEODSOBAE SS SHCaes Sle C. carye, n. sp. dd. Veins bordered with brown... __. gash medal ide C. quercicola, n. sp.
CALLIPTERUS ULMIFOLII, n. sp.—Pale whitish-yellow. Apterous individuals: Tubercn- lar, with capitate hairs, which disappear when the insect acquires wings. Winged in- dividuals: Antenne as long as the body; third, fourth, and sometimes the fifth joint ' slightly dusky at apex; apical joint a very little longer or shorter than the sixth. Wings hyaline; all of the veins, and especially the stigmal vein, subhyaline. Dorsum with four long, spine-like tubercles on its basal portion, and with various shorter tubercles on the apical portion. Length 1.77™™ ; to tip of wings 3.04™™,
On the under side of leaves of Ulmus americana, May—June. Closely allied to the European (. quercus, Which has also four dorsal tubercles.
CALLIPTERUS WALSHII, n. sp.—Winged form: Bright yellow. Antenne, with tho tips of joints 3 to 6, black; seventh joint more than twice as long as the preceding. Thorax with a lateral black vitta extending from the eye to the wing-insertions. Femora palé whitish-yellow ; fore tibize black ; middle tibize faintly dusky; hind tibia more dusky than the middle pair. Tarsi and tips of tibiz black. Nectaries yellowish, half as long as the tarsi. Wings hyaline. Front wings with the entire costa as well as its nervures black to the tip of the Stigma, whence there extends a marginal dusky vitta, as wide as, or a little wider tian, the costa at base and middle, but tapering at the tip and extending a little beyond the upper furcal of the cubitus. The stigmal vein lies entirely in this vitta, and curved so as to make the width of the marginal cell just equal to the distance between the apex of the stigma and that of the stigmal vein. Hind wings with a dusky costal vitta extending to the tip of the wing. Remain- ing veins of both wings slender and pale dusky. Length 1.27™™; width of abdomen 0.6mm; length of wing 1.77—2.03™™; to tip of Wings 2.28—2.54™m,
May—July ; Saint Louis, Mo.
On the under side of leaves of Quercus rubra.
Very closely related to C. bella (Walsh), with which it has been hitherto confounded.
CALLIPTERUS BELLA (Walsh).
Aphis bella, Walsh, Genera of N. Am. Aphid, Phil. Ent. Soc. 1862.
Tn some specimens, a series of capitate hairs can be detected on the margin of the abdomen of the unborn larvee, which can be seen through the sides of the abdomen of the viviparous females. The young of some individuals seem to lack these hairs. A similar case has been noticed by Professor Riley in Schizoneura fungicola? (Walsh), in which the very young larve occur with and without capitate hairs. These hairs, on being very highly magnified, appear to be hollow, with a funnel-shaped opening at the apex.
Length 2.54—3.04"™; of wings 3.55—3.81™™; to tip of wings 4.06—4.31™™,
CALLIPTERUS ASCLEPIADIS, n. sp.—Winged form: General color yellow. Antenne filitorm, mounted on very short tubercles, as long as, or a little longer than, the body ;
30 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Vol V.
apical joint much longer than the preceding. Nectaries yellowish, short. <Apterous individuals: With capitate hairs, which disappear when the insect acquires wings; ab- domen somewhat tubercular. Winged individuals : Wings blotched with dusky or dusky brown; an irregular broad band running from the apex of the second discoidal to the apex of the upper forklet, and another running from the apex of the first discoidal towards the base of the cubitus, but becoming obsolete before reaching that point. Stigma short, abruptly tapered at apex. Distance between the tips of the first and second discoidals one-half that between the tip of the second discoidal and the lower cubital branch. Distance between the base of the cubitus and the base of the stigmal vein nearly equal to the distance between the apices of the lower forklet and the lower branch of the eubitus. Length 1.27—1.52™™; to tip of wings 2.54™™,
May—August.
Very common at Saint Louis on Asclepias cornuti and A. obtusifolia. This is the first species belonging to this genus which has been found on a herbaceous plant. .
CALLIPTERUS DISCOLOR, n. sp.—Winged form: Abdomen greenish or yellowish, with four rows of irregular brownish spots, often with smaller dots between them, the two middle rows becoming confluent just above the nectaries. Antenne with the sixth joint less than the seventh. Wings with irregular dusky bands arranged similarly to those in C. asclepiadis. Length 1.77™™; to tip of wings 3.29™™,
Under side of leaves of Quercus bicolor. Saint Louis, Mo., May.
CALLIPTERUS PUNCTATA, n. sp.—Winged form: General color pale yellow; abdomen with faint dusky shadings, representing the dots of the preceding species. Sixth joint of the antennze much less than the seventh. Wings hyaline, except dusky markings at the tips of the second discoidal, cubital, and stigmal yein, and a dusky mark at base of stigmal vein. Length 1.52—1.77™ ; to tip of wings 3.04—3.29™™,
On the under side of leaves of Quercus bicolor. May—June, Saint Louis, Mo. It is possible that this is merely a variety of C. discolor, but I have never succeeded in finding intermediate forms.
CALLIPTERUS HYALINUS, n. sp.— Winged form : General coler pale yellowish. Apter- ous individuals with the usual capitate hairs. Seventh joint of the antennee longer than the preceding. Wings hyaline, without any markings, or with a scarcely percepti- ble shading at the tips of the wings. Stigma rather long, the distance between the base of the stigmal vein and the base of the cubitus being much greater than that be- tween the tips of the lower forklet and lower cubital branch. Basal two-thirds of the stigmal vein subhyaline. Second discoidal not so much curved as in C. puncetata. Length 1.77—2.02™™ ; to tip of wings 3.04™™,
On the under side of leaves of Quercus imbricaria, to which species I believe it is confined. May—June, Saint Louis, Mo.
CALLIPTERUS BETULECOLENS, n. sp. Aphis betulecolens?, Fitch, N. Y. Catl. Hom. p. 66.—Winged individuals: General color yellow; antenne, first and second joints entirely yellow, the apical half of the remaining joints more or less dusky. Dorsum uniform yellow, without tubercles; wings hyaline; costal and subcostal veins whitish ; first and second discoidals black. Stigma yellowish; basal two-thirds of the stigmal vein obsolete; apical portion hyaline, subobsolete. Nectaries yellow, a little fuscous, fully as long as the tarsi. The rostrum barely reaches the middle coxee. Length 2.02™m: to tip of wings 3.81™™,
On the under side of Birch leaves. June, Saint Louis, Mo. Dr. Fitch’s description of A. betulcecolens is not sufficiently exact to
No. 1.] RILEY AND MONELL ON APHIDIDA. ai
enabie one to recognize the species. It is, however, probable that it is distinct, as the measurement he gives would make his species slightly larger than the present one; besides, were they identical, it would be rather singular that Dr. Fitch should omit to mention the obsolete stig- mal vein, and at the same time be at the pains to mention that the base of the cubitus was hyaline.
I am unacquainted with Calaphis betulella Walsh; but, unless there are other distinguishing characters, the mere absence of the stigmal vein will not be sufficient to separate Calaphis from Callipterus, as there is a complete series of transitions between the two.
CALLIPTERUS CARY, n. sp.— Winged form : General color pale yellow ; tips of the an- tennal joints black; legs entirely pale whitish. Antenne a little shorter than the body; seventh joint equal to or one-third longer than the preceding; fifth joint as long as eth two following taken together. Nectaries not perceptible. Rostrum not reaching to the middle cox. Wings hyaline; veins pale; stigmarather short and blunt at apex. Stigmal vein subobsolete, its course being only traced with difficulty. The distance between the apex of the lower cubital branch and that of the second discoidal equal to about one-half the distance between the apices of the first and second discoidals. Apterous viviparous females and pup with four longitudinal rows of tubercles, each mounted with a capitate bristle.
Leaves of Walnut, Hickory, and Peean. June—J uly. Saint Louis, Mo.
CALLIPTERUS? QUERCIOOLA, n. sp.— Winged form: Antenne about half ag long as the
body; not mounted on frontal tubercles ; remote at base; third, fourth, and fifth joints equal in length; transition from the sixth to the seventh joint exceedingly gradual; Seventh joint about half as long as the preceding. Rostrum short, not reaching the second coxx; apical joint very acute. Nectaries reduced to mere openings. Style none. Wings with the veins bordered with brown. tigma rather short, and blunt at apex; the cubital vein arising from its base. Stigmal vein not so much curved as usual in this genus, not hyaline; distance between the base of the cubitus and that of the stigmal vein equal to the distance between the furcals and less than the dis- tance between the base of the cubitus and that of the second discoidal. Second dis- coidal not sinuous. - Body rather elongate. Length 1.77™™; to tip of Wings 2.79mm, _ It is with considerable doubt that I place this Species in the genus Callipterus. Itis very probable that it should be placed under Asiphum ; but the only description of this genus which has been published is that given by Koch, and, like the other generic descriptions which were made from memory after the loss of his eyesight, is somewhat unsatisfactory. The following is a translation of the salient points in his description:
Asiphum, Koch.‘ Beak short. Antennz rather short, the third, fourth, and fifth joints subequal, the apical joint very small, scarcely perceptible.” Of this interesting species, I have only seen two winged specimens, mounted on a slide, which was communicated by a correspondent with the information that it occurred at Saint Louis on Oak.
Chaitophorus, Koch (emend.). Similar to Aphis, but with the antennx and body distinctly pilose. Style tubercle-like. CHAITOPHORUS VIMINALIS, n. sp.—Apterous individuals: Varying from pale green to light yellow, with two darker vittz on the abdomen, which are often obsolete. Entire
32 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Vol.V,
insect covered with long white hair. Winged individuals: Head and thorax black; abdomen black, except the margins and style, which are yellow. Nectaries a little longer than thick, yellowish, often slightly fuscous. Antenne hairy; seventh joint filiform, almost as long as the three preceding taken together. Wingshyaline. Length 1.52™™; to tip of wings 2.54™™,
On young twigs and leaves of Salix lucida and SS. babylonica. The venation of the wings is exceedingly variable; in one abnormal speci- men I have observed a robust transverse vein running from the middle of the second discoidal to the base of the lower branch of the cubitus, thereby forming a closed trapezoidal cell.
CHAITOPHORUS SMITHLZ, n. sp.— Winged form: General color dusky reddish. Wings hyaline; venation very variable. Nectaries two-thirds as long as the tarsi, vasiform, contracted at the base, expanding in the middle, and again contracted at the apex; the mouth flaring. Antenne a little over half as long as the body, the third jomt the longest, the fourth and fifth subequal, and the sixth joint two-thirds as long as the preceding. Seventh joint slender, very little longer than the preceding. Rostrum reaching the third pair of coxe. Length 2.28™™; to tip of wings 4.56™™,
On leaves of Salix alba. May—June. Peoria, Ill. (Miss E. A. Smith),
This species comes under Cladobius Koch, a genus which does not seem sufficiently distinct from Chaitophorus.
Though the shape of the nectaries is very remarkable, it seems to me scarcely sufficient to justify a generic separation.
CHAITOPHORUS QUERCICOLA, n. sp.—Apterous individuals: Dorsum greenish, with four rows of short tubercles, all of which, except afew in the side-rows, are black; their apical circumference with from three to five bristles; the two middle rows of tubercles stop at the head, but the two lateral rows are continued by smaller tubercles until near the base of the labrum. Rostrum reaching the second cox. Nectaries yellow, about as long as the tarsi, slightly enlarged at base, the month conspicuously flaring. Style not perceptible. Winged individuals: Antenne very slightly pilose ; fourth joint subequal to the fifth and two-thirds as long as the third joint; sixth about half as long as the preceding, and very little longer than the seventh. Wings with the stigma andl veins much asin Ch. populicola; the veins lying in narrow dusky bands. Length of apterous individuals 1.52—2.02™™; length of wing 2.54™™,
On the under side of the leaf near the midrib. Quercus prinus. May— June. Peoria, Ill. Of this interesting species, I have seen a number of apterous individuals, but only a single winged specimen, which was mounted on a slide kindly communicated by Miss E. A. Smith of Peoria, Ii]. The dorsum of the winged individual is probably not tubercular, but this cannot be decided with certainty on account of. the manner in which the specimen is mounted.
Though the antenne of this species are not sufficiently pilose to justify its being placed in Chaitophorus, its general appearance seems to point to this as its rightful position.
Art. HH.—The Relations of the Horizons of Extinct Vertebrata of Europe and North America.
By E. D. Cope.
The history of the succession of life upon any one portion of the earth’s surface is replete with matter for speculation. It shows us a series of faunz succeeding each other, each of which, in many instances, com- mences without previous announcement in the forms of older periods, and disappears without leaving representatives in later ones. With this basis of fact, which naturally enough has been furnished by the longest explored and best known portion of the earth, Europe, we turn to other lands with the hope of obtaining further light upon a subject so full of mystery. ‘These types of life, did they originate in a single centre, from which they disseminated themselves? and, if so, did each form originate in a region of its own or not? Or, did fhe same types of generic structure appear at different points on the earth’s surface indepen dently; and, if so, whether cotemporaneously, or at different times?
For a solution of these and similar questions, we naturally look to a comparison of the facts first established , with those obtained more recently by exploration in other regions. In this quest, no portion of the earth offers greater promise of results than America. As the second great continent, separated from the other by the greatest possible water sur- face, we anticipate the widest diversity in the character of its life-history. If the types of life have originated independently, we will find evidence of it by studying American paleontology ; if their origin has been through gradual modification, America should furnish us with many interme- diate faunee.
The identification of the generic types of North American Vertebrata has now advanced to a point which renders such a comparison possible.. Although the subject is in its infancy, the following pages will show that an important contribution to it can be now made. The compari- sons instituted in this paper commence with the coal-measures, and with the Batrachia of that period. As regards the paleozoic fishes, I have not yet devoted that attention to them which is necessary for their discussion, and I refer to the papers of N ewberry for several important identifications of genera as common to the two continents.
The structure of the Batrachia of the coal-measures is not yet suffi- ciently well known to enable the most exact comparisons to be made, but close parallels, if not identities, of genera exist. Such are the
Bull. v, 1——3 33
34 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Vol. V.
Oéstocephalus and Ceraterpeton of Ohio as compared with the Urocordylus and Ceraterpeton of Great Britain.
The Permian vertebrate fauna which I discovered in Illinois and Texas, exhibits close parallels, but not yet generic identity, in the two continents. Thus, the American Clepsydrops and Dimetrodon are near to the Deuterosaurus of Perm in Russia, and the Lycosaurus of the mount- ains of South Africa. The Texan genus Pariotichus may, with further information, prove to be identical with Procolophon Ow. from the Tafel- berg. Humeri of the type discovered by Kutorga in Russia, and by Owen in South Africa, are found in North America, and the same re- markable type has been recently discovered by Gaudry in France. The peculiar type of Labyrinthodont vertebre described by me under the genus Rhachitomus from Texas has been discovered by Gaudry in France. The present indications are that close similarity between the faunz of this period in Europe and America will be discovered. Never- theless, up to the present time no representatives of the striking Ameri- can forms Diadectes, Bolosaurus, Empedocles, and Cricotus have yet been found in any other continent.
As regards the Triassic fauna, it differs from that of the Permian in being better known in Europe than America. As marine Trias is little developed in North America, so the vertebrate fauna of the Muschel- kalk has not been discovered in the latter country. Itis otherwise with the Keuper. The characteristic genus of that epoch, Belodon, existed in America, and parallels, if not identity, exist in the genera Thecodonto- saurus and Paleosaurus. These are known in America from teeth only. The reptiles are accompanied in North America, as in Europe, by Stego- cephalous Batrachia, mostly Labyrinthodonts, but their generic affini- ties are yet unknown.
The great Jurassic faune are as yet but sparsely represented in North American paleontology. The marine Vertebrata of the Lias are either unknown or are represented by a few provisional identifications of un- satisfactory fragments. We do not yet know any deposits in North America which contain the typical reptilian genera Plesiosaurus, Ich- thyosaurus, Pliosaurus, and Dimorphodon, or the fishes of the Dapediide. This formation, so important in Europe, is almost omitted from the North American series. A few more characteristic fossils of the Rocky Mount- ain region represent the Odlite, particularly the Upper Odlite, while Teleosaurus and Steneosaurus, and their allies, are not yet known from North American beds. Strata said to be included in the Dakota (which on the evidence of plants and invertebrate fossils has been placed at the bottom of the Cretaceous series) have produced a genus not yet distinguishable from Megalosaurus. This genus has not been identified beyond doubt from above the Odlite in England. From the same beds in the Rocky Mountain region come genera which nearly resemble the one from the English Odlite (Forest Marble) called by Phillips, Cetiosau- rus, and the genus from the Oxfordian of Honfleur, called by von Meyer,
No.1.) COPE ON HORIZONS OF EXTINCT VERTEBRATA. 35
Streptospondylus. Beyond this no comparisons can be made, and we therefore pass to the rich fauna of the Kimmeridge. North America cannot show such records of this epoch as have been found in Europe. There are no Archeopteryx, Rhamphorhynchus, nor Pterodactylus ; no Lep- tolepis, Thrissops, nor other of the numerous fishes of Solenhofen. The Omosaurus has, however, some very close relatives in the supposed Da- kota beds of the Rocky Mountains. No remains of that primitive Mar- supial fauna which occurs in the Purbeck have yet been detected in the Western Continent. A partial representation of the Wealden fauna of Europe is found in the beds of the Rocky Mountains mingled with the types of the Odlite and Kimmeridge already mentioned. The rela- tionships of this fauna to those of the European Jurassic series may be thus exhibited :
American. European. CAMARASAURUS BEDS. WEALDEN. ? Iguanodon. ? Hypstlophodon. Hypsilophodon. Hyleosaurus. ? Cetiosaurus. Cetiosaurus. Camarasaurus. Eucamerotus.* Ornithopsis. Amphicelias. ? Goniopholis. Goniopholis. KIMMERIDGE. Hypsirhophus. Omosaurus. Caulodon. ? Caulodon.t OXFORD. Epanterias. Streptospondylus. OOLITE “ Cetiosaurus.” ? Megalosaurus. Megalosaurus,
From the above table it will be seen how difficult it is at the present to parallelize the related beds of the Jurassic periods of the two conti- nents at the present time. All that can be said is that many types re- sembling{ nearly those of different horizons of the European Jurassic are found to have lived together or near together in the Rocky Mount- ain region of North America.
That the Cretaceous fauna of North America was the richest in the cold-blooded Vertebrata is indicated by the present state of discovery. The ocean of the interior of the continent deepened from the beginning
+ Iguanodon precursor Sauyv.
{A near affinity has been shown by Professor Owen to exist between Hucamerotus and Camarasaurus. Professor Owen believes these genera to be identical; but the
neural spines of the anterior dorsal vertebra are very different, being single in the former, and double in the latter.
36 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [ Vol. V.
of the period until the epoch of the Niobrara, and then gradually shal- lowed until the elevations of the bottom began to divide the waters. The closing scenes of this great period were enacted amid a labyrinth of lagoons and lakes of brackish and fresh water, whose deposits form the beds of the Laramie epoch.
The fauna of the deep-sea epoch, the Niobrara, is the best known. Here the remains of Pythonomorpha constitute its prevailing character- istic, while Elasmosaurus and Polycotylus, with but few species, represent the numerous Sauropteryyia of Europe. Crocodiles were apparently wanting, while turtles and a peculiar group of Pterosawria were only moderately abundant. The fish fauna was very rich and varied. Here the Saurodontide, like the Molluscous family of the Rudistes, appeared, and as soon disappeared, accompanied by the peculiar form, Hrisichthe, and the family of Stratodontidw. The genera of Mount Lebanon, Lepto- trachelus and Spaniodon, occur in this bed in Dakota; but the closest paral- lelism is exhibited with the Lower Chalk or Turonian of Western Europe. The general facies of the reptilian fauna is that of the Lower Chalk, and there is little doubt that several genera are identical in the two conti- nents, e. g. Hlasmosawrus. The apparent peculiarity of the Chalk in Americais the abundance of forms (four genera) of Pythonomorpha with numerous species, while but two genera have yet been found in Hurope, and the presence of birds, with biconcave vertebre, and teeth. This m- teresting type, which was first discovered by Seeley in the genus named by him Hnaliornis, and afterwards found by Marsh to possess teeth, has been found at a lower horizon in England, the Upper Greensand. But in England, France, and Westphalia occur the genera of fishes above mentioned, as Portheus, Ichthyodectes, Sawrodon, Sawrocephalus, Hri- sichthe, Hmpo, Pachyrhizodus, Enchodus, Leptotrachelus, etc. This close relationship of the horizons permits an identification, and it is the first instance which appears to me to be susceptible of satisfactory demon- stration.
The next horizon of the Cretaceous which has yielded many verte- brate remains in North America is the Fox Hills formation (including the Fort Pierre bed). Here the genus Mosasaurus appears in America, and is accompanied by the earliest crocodiles with proccelous vertebre, and by numerous marine turtles which partake of the characters of both Chelydride and Cheloniide, which I have called the Propleuride. Beryx appears first here in America. The predominant genus of fishes is Hn- chodus, and the principal Dinosauria are Lelaps and Hadrosaurus. This horizon has been parallelized with the Maestricht of Europe, and sev- eral genera are common to the two beds; such are Mosasaurus and Einchodus. The genus Hadrosaurus, and the family of turtles I have called the Adocide, remain undiscovered in Europe; hence the identity of faune cannot be established.
The lacustrine beds, or summit of the American Cretaceous series, the Laramie of Hayden, present the remains of a populous fauna and a rich
No.1.] COPE ON HORIZONS OF EXTINCT VERTEBRATA. 37
flora. The students of the paleobotany have declared this flora to be - of Eocene, and the later portions of Miocene character, while the lacus- trine constitution of the strata has influenced the stratigraphic geolo- gists to concur in the view that the formation should be arranged with the Tertiary epochs. That the fauna was of a mixed character is the result of a study of its vertebrate fossils. The predominant type in North America was the Dinosauria, which were abundant in species and individuals, and this fact alone will suffice most paleontologists as a reason for referring the epoch to the Cretaceous series. The genera of Dinosauria (Palcoscincus, Cionodon, Diclonius, Monoclonius, Dysganus, etc.) have not yet been found in any other part of the world. Mingled with them were species of crocodiles and turtles of indifferent character, while a number of other forms existed which had a limited range in time, and hence are important indicators of stratigraphic position. Such are the ‘genera of fishes, Myledaphus Cope and Clastes Cope, which have been found also near Reims, France, by Dr. Lemoine, in the Sables de Bra- cheux, which are regarded as the lowest Tertiary. Such is the curious Saurian type Champsosaurus (Cope) (Simcdosaurus Gerv.), and the tur- tle genus Compsemys Leidy, which Lemoine finds a little higher up in the series, in the Conglomerate of Cerny, which is in the lower part of the Suessonian. In France, a genus of the Laramie, Polythorax, extends into the Lignite or upper Coryphodon bed of the Suessonian. Thus the Laramie is intercalated by its characters between the Cretaceous period on the one hand and the Tertiary on the other, and its fauna includes genera and orders of both great series. These relations may be ex- hibited in tabular form as follows. I here include the faune of the Sables de Bracheux and of the Conglomerate of Cerny as one, since both possess the types of the Laramie, while the horizon of the Lignite of Meudon, or the Suessonian, does not.
SABLES DE BRACHEUX AND Con- LARAMIE. GLOMERATE DE CERNY.
a. TERTIARY.
Lophiocherus. Plesiodapis. Plewraspidotherium. Arctocyon. Clastes. Clastes. ' B PECULIAR. Champsosaurus. Champsosaurus. Compsemys. Compsemys. Myledaphus. Myledaphus.
Scapherpeton.
38 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Vol. V.
SABLES DE BRACHEUX AND Con- LARAMIE. GLOMERATE DE CERNY.
7. CRETACEOUS.
Palceoscincus. Dysganus. Monoclonius. Diclonius. Cionodon. Leelaps. Aublysodon.
If the Conglomerate of Cerny is the same horizon as the Conglomerate of Meudon, we must add Coryphodon to the upper left-hand column, and probably Gastornis also. The resultis clear that the French and Ameri- can formations together bridge most completely the interval between the Cretaceous and Tertiary series, as has been anticipated by Hayden, in America, on geological grounds. It is also evident that another forma- tion must be added to the series already recognized in France, viz, the Laramie or Post-Cretaceous. This will be defined as the beds of the genera Champsosaurus and Myledaphus. In France, the presence of mam- malia will characterize the formation as a subdivision, for which it is probable that the name Thanetian must be retained; while to the Ameri- can division, which is characterized by the presence of Dinosauria, the name of Laramie beds has been given.
The Eocene fauna is so varied, especially in Europe, that it is neces- sary to compare the divisions separately, as in the case of the Cretaceous. Thus, the fauna of the Suessonian is quite as distinct from that of the Calcaire Grossier and Gypse (Parisian and Tongrian) in France as are those of the Wasatch and Bridger epochs in North America.
I have already identified the Wasatch with the Suessonian or Orth- — rocene, on account of the community of the following genera in the two continents: Coryphodon, Hyracotherium, Amblyctonus, Clastes, and a form of birds close to Gastornis. I can now add Phenacodus, Orothe- rium (Cope), and very probably Hyopsodus, Adapis, Opisthotomus, and Prototomus. But, as above mentioned, in the lower beds of the Sues- sonian in France occur genera which are, so far as yet known, wanting in the Wasatch of America, but present in the beds of the Laramie. Such are two genera in the Conglomerate of Cerny, and four genera in the lower Sables de Bracheux. In the former bed, they are associated © with the mammalian genera Lophiocherus, Plesiodapis, Plewraspidothe- rium, and Arctocyon ; and in the lowest, with a form referred with doubt to Hyracotherium. Thus the generalization may be made that the char- . acteristic genera of reptiles and fishes of the Laramie of North America are in America associated with Cretaceous Dinosauria, and not with Mam- malia; while in Europe they are associated with Mammalia, and not with Dinosauria. In arranging the Laramie Group, its necessary position is
No.1.) COPE ON HORIZONS OF EXTINCT VERTEBRATA. 39
between Tertiary and Cretaceous, but on the Cretaceous side of the boundary, if we retain those grand divisions, which it appears to me to be desirable to do. The reasons for retaining it in the Cretaceous are two, viz: (1) because Dinosauria are a Mesozoic type, not known elsewhere from the Tertiary; (2) because Mammalia (should they be found in the future in the Fort Union) are not equal as evidence of Tertiary age, since they have been also found in Jurassic and Triassic beds. The parallel- ism of the American Wasatch with the Upper Suessonian of France is the second identification which may be regarded as provisionally estab- lished. The only discordant elements at present known are the Tenio- donta of the Wasatch, which have not been so far found in Europe, and the genus Lophiodon, which is unknown in America.
Above the Suessonian, a divergence in the characters of the European and North American faunz commences, and continues to be marked throughout the remainder of Tertiary time. So far as the Mammalia are concerned, the diversity between the continents was greater during the periods of the Upper Eocene and Miocene than at the present era. During these periods, a limited number of genera, common to the two continents, was associated with numerous genera in the one which did not exist in the other. As a consequence, our paleontological means of identification of the horizons are limited to a restricted list, and the task of applying a uniform nomenclature is, under the circumstances, diffi- cult. Another difficulty in the way of determining the place of the American beds in the European scale consists in the fact that the phy- sical history of the two continents during the Tertiary period appears to have been different. In America, the changes of level appear to have been more uniform in character over large areas. Hach deposit has a wider geographical extent, and the fauna presents less irregular variation. In Europewe have a great number of comparatively restricted deposits, each of which differs from the others in possessing more or less peculiarity of fauna. After a study of these faune, their natural ar- rangement in Europe into three series, Hocene, Miocene, and Pliocene, does not appear to rest on any solid basis. This is especially true of the distinction between the first two; and authors are at variance as to the point of demarkation between the last two. Thus, the Tongrian is the summit of the Eocene according to Renevier, while Gaudry, with Fil- hol and others, places it at the base of the Miocene. One opinion is as well supported by facts, as now interpreted, as the other.
Let us now consider the nature of the evidence on which we should rely in classifying faunz and the deposits which contain them. Weare accustomed, at present, to rely for our definitions upon all the faunal pe- culiarities upon which we can seize: the period of appearance of certain types; the duration of certain types; and the disappearance of certain types, depending on orders, families, and genera for the major divisions, and species at a given locality for the lesser. It is, of course, evident.
4
40 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. = [Vol.V.
that either of the above-mentioned thret criteria are variable quantities,
since discovery is constantly extending our knowledge of the distribu- tion of types. Hence the definitions are empirical and temporary. We must then, if we desire a stable system, examine the principles involved, and endeavor to discover definitions which stand on stronger founda- tions than those which we now possess.
As a matter of fact, the old definitions of epochs and periods are con- tinually invalidated by new discoveries. As a matter of theory, this should be the case.
To the believers in the doctrine of derivation, the obliteration of fau- nal distinctions is not a cause of surprise. Such await with confidence the day when complete phylogenies will be possible, and at present regard the interruptions in the succession of life as local only. Will the result then be, that paleontology will cease to be available in the defini- tion of ages and of deposits? I answer no, on various grounds. In- terruptions in the succession of life in any given locality due to various causes have doubtless often occurred, and have left traces in the crust of the earth which are ineffaceable by discovery. But apart from this, one fact in this history is patent both to the friends and to the opponents of the doctrine of derivation. It is known that the world has witnessed, at every stage of its history, the extinction of some important type of life. Familiar examples are the Placodermi of paleozoic time, the vari- ous reptilian groups of Mesozoic time, and the Amblypoda of the Tertiary. Each minor subdivision of time offers its own record of persistences and extinctions of particular families and genera.
Now, all departments of biology compel us to recognize the law of classification, that the order of forms is from the less to the more gen- eralized, from the simple to the more complex, and vice versa, whether the lines of succession be those of descent or of creative order; and this law is true in time as well as in classification. It follows from this, that all types of life are, at the time of their appearance, less distinct and more general in their characters than they are later i in their his- tory.
It also follows, as a consequence of the principle of descent, which states that the types of one age have taken their origin from general. ized types of preceding ages, that there is no descent from the most specialized types; which is to say, conversely, that the genera, families, and orders whose extinction has been a marked feature of every eek logic age have been the specialized types of those ages.
We now have a clue to a basis of a definition for faunz, and hence for epochs, which discovery can safely build upon. ‘The successive incre- ments of structure by which an important modification of animal type is introduced preclude the possibility of exact determination of the time at which such type may be said to have appeared. Even where such a point may be arbitrarily fixed, the type must then be less char-
mY
Wo.1.) COPE ON HORIZONS OF EXTINCT VERTEBRATA. 41
acteristically represented than it is at the other limit of its existence, viz, the period of its disappearance.
For. these reasons I must regard the latter criterion as the true one in the discrimination of the subdivisions of geologic time, while the point of the appearance of types must be looked upon as of provisional use only, and this quite independently of the changes which discovery will from time to time compel us to make in our knowledge of the distribu- tion of life in time and space. It must, however, be borne in mind that disappearance may be due to two causes: first, to extinction; and, secondly, to modification; a distinction which is entirely essential. The case of disappearance by modification is identical with that of appearance by modification, and cannot be used otherwise in classi- fication. It is then the period of extinction of types to which I have reference.
With these principles in view, we continue the comparison of the ex- tinct faunz of Europe and North America. If we take a general view of the Tertiary faunz, we find that the following well marked types representing families and higher groups have become extinet, and have left no living descendants or successors: Among Insectivora, the Leptic- tide i North America; also the American Bunotherian groups Tenio- donta and Tillodonta; also the Mesodonta of both continents; of Hdentata, Macrotherium and Ancylotherium in Europe, and the Megathertide in . North America; among the Carnivora, the Hycnodons and Proviverre, with the Macherodi; of Ungulata, the entire order of Amblypoda, which, however, doubtless disappeared in some of its members by mod- ification; but its only known suborders, the Pantodonta and the Dinoce- rata, became absolutely extinct. Among Perissodactyla, both continents lost by extinction the Chalicothervide, which terminated in a great devel- opment in North America; the genera Hippotherium* and Stylonus of the line of the horses, and the Khinoceride. Of Artiodactyla, two great divisions, representative of each other in the two continents, totally dis- appeared, viz, the Oreodontide and the Anoplotheriide ; to which must be added the Hyopotamide. Of true ruminants, the most important type which has disappeared from both continents is that of the Camelide. Of Suilline genera, Anthracotherium and Hlotheriwm may be looked upon as having left no persistent successors. Last of all, the Proboscidea retreated to the continents of the south.
In view of the complexity of the European record, I first present the relations of the above mentioned phenomena as displayed in the sim- pler American system. As the present essay commences with the earliest periods, I exhibit the succession in descending order on the page. The horizons of the Tertiary which present distinct terrestrial faunze in North America have been named the Wasatch, the Bridger, the Uinta, the White River, the Loup Fork, the Hqeuwus beds, and the Champlain.
* Equus came through Protohippus, the cotemporary of Hippotherium.
42 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Vol. V.
The types which became extinct* with the close of each of these epochs are the following:
WASATCH. Loup Forx. Gastornithide ERhinoceride. Pantodonta. Hippotherium.
BRIDGER. Stylonus. Baénide. Oreodontide. Tillodonta. Iquus BEDS. Mesodonta. Megatheriide. Proviverra. Macherodus. Dinocerata. Tapiride.
WHITE RIVER. Hlephas. Leptictide. Camelide. Hycenodon.
Chalicotheriude. Hyopotamide.
The above table exhibits the present state of our knowledge: it will doubtless be much extended by future discovery, but not otherwise mod- ified.
The numerous able writers on European vertebrate paleontology have more frequently recorded the appearance of types in defining their faunal divisions than their disappearance. The following table is com- piled from the writings of Gervais, Gaudry, Pomel, Filhol, Kenevier, and others, but is not as complete as I would desire.
SUESSONIAN. FALUNIAN. Pantodonta. Anchitheriwm. PARISIAN (Bruxellian, Bartonian, Anthracothervum. and Sestian). Paleocherus. Paleophis (Bruxellian). Ceenotherium. Proviverra. OENINGIAN. Pterodon. Ancylotherium. Mesodonta. ; Dinotherium. Lophiodon (Bruxellian). Hippotherium. TONGRIAN. Aceratherium. Paleotheriide. SUBAPENNINE. Chalicotherium. Mastodon. Anoplotheride. Tapiride. EHlotheriwm. ~ | DILUVIAL. AQUITANIAN. Hyena. Hycenodon. Macherodus. Hyopotamus. Hlephas. Fhinocerus. Hippopotamus.
*This means, as already mentioned, the forms which left no direct successors in the Nearctic and Palearctic Faune.
No. 1.] COPE ON HORIZONS OF EXTINCT VERTEBRATA. 43
The above tables show that the history of mammalian life in the two continents presents many points of resemblance ; but that there is a great difficulty in correlating the epochs represented by the known faune. As regards the two primary divisions, Eocene and Miocene, they have no special raison Wétre, as such faune as the Tongrian and Oenin- gian are absolutely transitional in their character. More detailed com- parisons of the European and American faunz bring out many relation- Ships not displayed by the above tables, and which I will now briefly consider.
In the American Bridger, various genera of Mesodonta represent the few Adapide of the Parisian, the genus Adapis* Cuv. being probably common to the two continents. The American Anaptomorphus, a true Lemur, has been found by M. Filhol in the Phosphorites, and named Necrolemur. The characters of the numerous Carnivora of the Bridger are as yet unknown. The Stypolophus of the Bridger is perhaps the Prototomus of the Wasatch, and this again has been discovered by M. Filhol; in France; while a very similar, if not the Same, genus has been discovered in the Swiss Siderolitic, and named Proviverra. Hyenodon- tidee probably occur in the Bridger. Nowhere in Europe do we find the Dinocerata and Tillodonta of the Bridger. Palcosyops is also unknown in Europe, but it plays the part in America of the Paleotherium, from which it does not greatly differ in structure. The latter genus is most largely developed in the Parisian, but is also characteristic of the Ton- grian. Hyrachyus is the American Lophiodon, the ditterence between them being but slight: both are found in France; the former in the Lower Parisian, the latter in the Phosphorites. Tapirulust Gerv. is a genus common to the Bridger and to more than one horizon of the Parisian. The squirrel-like rodents of the Bridger are like those of the Parisian, but they are not confined to either epoch. The character which distinguishes the Parisian most widely from the Bridger, besides the absence of the Dinocerata and Tillodonta, is the presence of numerous Selenodont Artiodactyla, as Xiphodon, Cenotherium, Amphimeryx, Ano- plotherium, etc. These are of primitive type, itis true ; the Anoplothervidee especially having probably four toes in the very short manus (Hurytherium), including the pollex, and three behind. They also display the character of a fifth crescent of the superior molars, which is wanting in the higher Selenodont types. But even these genera are absent from the Bridger. The ensemble is then, that the latter displays relationships backwards, or to the Suessonian, while the Parisian has a later facies, constituting an approach to the Tongrian and White River. §
The following table presents the relations of the Bridger fauna suc- cinctly, but it is much less complete than we hope to make it when its
* Notharctus is undistinguishable from Adapis in inferior dental characters.
tItis described as Cynohyenodon with two species.
¢Gervais, 1850; Helaletes Marsh, 1872.
§ See Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terrs, 1873, pp. 461-2, where this view is proposed.
44 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [ Vol. V.
numerous species now represented by catalogues of names are fully de- scribed. The Parisian is here regarded as including the divisions Brux- ellian, Bartonian, and Sestian (Gypse).
PARISIAN. BRIDGER.
Didelphys. ? Didelphys.
Vespertilionide. Vespertilionide
Plesiarctomys. Plesiarctomys. Tillodonta.
Hycnodontide. Hycenodontide.
Adapis. Adapis.
Anaptomorphus (Phosph.). Anaptomorphus. Dinocerata. Palewosyops.
Paleotherium.
Lophiodon.
Hyrachyus (Phosph.). Hyrachyus.
Tapirulus. Tapirulus.
Anthracotherium. Acheenodon.
Cheropotamus.
Dichobune.
Anoplotherium.
Xiphodon.
Amphimeryx.
The rich Tongrian (Stampian) fauna is, according to authors, repre- sented in the Sables de Fontainebleau, Puy en Velay, Ronzon, Hempstead, and Cadibona in Italy. We find here Didelphys in abundance, Hywnodon, Amphicyon, Cynodon, Palceotherium, Paloplotherium, Chalicotherium, and. Aceratherium. Of Artiodactyla, the Suillines are Anthracotherium and Hlotherium ; the Selenodonts, Hyopotamus and Gelocus. This list is the nearest known counterpart of that of the fauna of the White River epoch of North America. To reproduce the latter, we must omit from the above catalogue the genera of Paleotheriide, and replace them by the allied Chalicotheroid Menodus and Symborodon, subtract Anthra- cotheriwm, and add the great body of the Oreodontidew. Then there are included in the White River fauna the higher Selenodont Artiodactyles of the Poébrotheriide and Hypertragulide, the corresponding types of which belong to the fauna of St. Gerand le Puy in France, or the Aquitanian epoch, which directly succeeded the Stampian. In Eu- rope we have here Dremotherium, Amphitragulus, Lophiomeryx, Dor- catherium ; in America, Leptomeryx, Hypertragulus, Hypisodus, and Poé- brotherium. Itis curious that while Leptomeryx is also European,* it has not yet been found above the Phosphorites. Among Suillines, the Paleocherust of the Oregon White River beds has also not been found
*T think M. Filhol’s Prodremotherium is identical with Leptomeryzx. t Thinohyus Marsh appears to be the same.
oe
No. 1.] COPE ON HORIZONS OF EXTINCT VERTEBRATA. 45
below the Aquitanian in Hurope. But the American Didelphys,* Hye- nodon, Amphicyon, Hlotherium, and Hyopotamus, with the numerous Chalicotheroid species, show clearly that the White River fauna may be looked upon as a mixture of those of the Stampian and Aquitanian, the former of which is sometimes referred with reason to the Upper Eocene, while the latter is always left in the lowest Miocene. And the solution of this question of position as regards the White River beds appears to me to be at present by no means easy.t According to the system of Nau- mann, it should be called Oligocene.
Although Artiodactyles with Selenodont molars are far more abundant in both continents during this period than the last, a remarkable differ- ence is to be observed between them. Those of Europe still largely consist of the types with five crescents, as represented by the numerous Hyopotami and Cenotheria, while in America the modern four-crescent- bearing molar characterizes almost the entire suborder, the only excep- tion being two species of Hyopotamus.
The following table will represent the relations of the White River fauna:
STAMPIAN AND AQUITANIAN. WHITE RIVER.
Didelphys. Didelphys. Leptictide. Protomyide. Protomyide.t Saccomyide.§ Steneofiber. Steneofiber. Leporide. Leporide. Hycenodon. Hycenodon. Amplhicyon. Amphicyon. Canis. Canis. Temnocyon. Enhydrocyon. Gulo. || Gulo. || Dinictis. Macherodus. Macherodus. Chalicotherivide. Paleotheriide. Hyracodon. Aceratherium. Anchitherium. Hlotherium. Hiotherium. Paleocherus. Paleocherus.
* Herpetotherium Cope; Peratherium Aym.
+See Ann. Report U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terrs. 1873, p. 462, where the White River beds
are determined as Lower Miocene.
t Ischyromys Leidy.
§ Entoptychus and Pleurolicus Cope.
|| Amphictis Pom.
46 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Vol. V.
STAMPIAN AND AQUITANIAN. WHITE RIVER. Anthracothervum. Oreodontide. Anoplotheriide. Hyopotamide. Merycopater. Poébrotherium. Lophiomeryz. Hypertragulus. Amphitragulus. Leptomeryx (Phosph.). Leptomeryx. Dremotheriwwm. Hypisodus.
The Falunian epoch includes in the large sense the Langhian, Helve- tian, and Tortonian divisions, embracing the rich deposits of the Orlé- anais, of Simorre, and of Sansan. We have here the true Miocene fauna, of which the following genera are characteristic: Edentata, Macrothe- rium; Proboscidea, Dinotherium, Mastodon ; Perissodactyla, Anchithervwm, Iistriodon; Artiodactyla, Paleomeryx, Dicrocerus, Procervulus;* Car- nivora, Amphicyon, Hycnarctos, ? Macherodus; Quadrumana, Pliopi- thecus. The ancient genera Anthracotherium and Cenotherium continue throughout, and the existing genera Arvicola, Lutra, and Sus appear. The succeeding epoch, the Oeningian, including with it the horizons of Epplesheim and Pikermi, presents the additional genera Dorcathe- rium, Helladotherium, several genera allied to Antilope, with Hippothe- rium, the huge edentate Ancylotherium, and the monkey Mesopithecus.
It is from these materials that we must determine by comparison the American Loup Fork epoch, whose deposits are widely spread, and whose fauna is of well-marked character. Although called by my pre- decessors Pliocene in age, I have insisted that it should be referred to the Miocene series, and I think that the evidence to that effect, which I have produced, will be found conclusive. Nevertheless, here, as in other American Tertiary horizons, the element of geographical peculiarity en- ters, and diminishes the number of identical types.
FALUNIAN. Loup Fork. Steneofiber. Steneofiber. ste \ Morotheriwmn. Amphicyon. Amphicyon.t Dinotheriun. Ceenobasileus. Tetralophodon. Tetralophodon. Aceratherium. Aphelops. Anchitherium.
Listriodon.
*Gaudry, 1878; Dicrocerus Cope, 1874 (not Lartet); Merycodus et Cosoryx gee nomina nuda. t Canis ursinus Cope.
No.1.) COPE ON HORIZONS OF EXTINCT VERTEBRATA. AT
FALUNIAN. Loup Fork.
Hippotherium (Oeningian). Hippotherium. Protohippus. Hippidium.*
Ceenotherium. Oreodontide.
Anthracotherium.
Paleomeryax. Blastomeryax.
Dicrocerus.
Procervulus. Procervulus. Protolabis.
Procamelus.
The existing genera mentioned as found in the Falunian fauna are paralleled by the Dicotyles, Hystrix, and Mustela of the Loup Fork beds. It is evident that this latter horizon retains in its Oreodontide the same traces of antiquity that the Falunian does in its Canotheriwm, but shows amore modern aspect in the omission of Anchitherium and its replacement by Hippotheriwm and Protohippus, and in the still more modern type Hip- pidium. Although but six genera of the two continents are determined as identical in the above table, yet others, which are facing on the same line, are very nearly allied. Other differences are geographical. The facies of the Loup Fork horizon is then a compound of that of the Falu- nian and Oeningian, or Middle and Upper Miocene.
In commenting on the above-described fauna in 1874,+ I remarked that “the proper discrimination of American Pliocene remains to be accom- plished.” It was not long after that date that material for making the identification of this horizon on this continent first came into my hands. This was derived from the superior Tertiary of Oregon, and includes a considerable number of species of fishes, birds, and Mammalia. I pub- lished a list of some of the species in 1878. The character of the fauna from that region coincides with that which has from time to time been unearthed in the caves and other Eastern deposits to such an extent as to lead us to suspect that the differences between them are geographical only. In Europe, the Pliocene, or Subapennine, includes, according to D’Orbigny (1855) and Gaudry (1878), the Plaisancian and Astian, which are represented at the following localities :
SUBAPENNINE.
Plaisancian.—Montpellier; Casino (Tuscany). Astian.—Perrier, near Issoir, Coupet, Vialette (Upper Loire), Chagny; English Crag; part of deposits of the Val d’Arno.
The characteristic of this fauna is the fact that the species belong mostly to existing genera, the chief exception being Hippotherium. The horses are chiefly represented by Equus. Common genera are Arctomys,
* Pliohippus Marsh.
+Report Lieut. G. M. Wheeler, IV, Palzontology of New Mexico, 1874, p. 364. tBull. Hayden’s U. S. Geol. Surv. Terrs. iv, 1878, p. 389.
48 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [ Vol. V.
Lepus, Hlephas, Mastodon, Tapirus, Sus, Cervus, Antilope, Bos, Canis, Macherodus, Felis, Ursus. In the Hquus beds of Oregon, a few extinet genera in like manner share the field with various recent ones, while not a few of the bones are not distinguishable from those of recent species. I give the following list, the extinct species being in italics:
Mylodon sodalis. Canis latrans. Auchenia magna. Thomomys (nr) clusius. | Hlephas prinvigenius. Auchenia vitakeriana. Thomomys talpoides. Haquus occidentalis. Cervus fortis.
Castor fiber. Hquus major.
Lutra near piscinaria. | Auchenia hesterna.
The species derived from the cave formations of the Eastern States are more numerous, and differ from the Oregon fauna in many respects; yet the parallelism is close in the genera with the Hquus beds on the one hand and the Pliocene of Europe and South America on the other. The differences distinguishing it from the Equus beds of Oregon are, however, such as compel me to regard it as a distinct division of the Pliocene, under the name of the Megalonysx beds.
Megatherium (p). Castoroides. Macherodus (sp). Mylodon (p). Lagomys (s). Mastodon (sp). Megalonyx (p). Lepus (s). Equus (sp). Sciurus (s). Anomodon. ? Hippotherium (s). Arctomys (s). Sealops. Tapirus (s). Jaculus. Arctotherium (p). Dicotyles (p). Arvicola (s). Procyon. | Cariacus (p). Erethizon. Canis (sp). Bos (s). Hydrocheerus (p). Mustela (sp).
In the above list, the extinct genera are marked in italics. There exists, as a marked feature of the North American Pliocene, to which I called attention several years ago,* a considerable representation of the fauna of the Pampean formation of South America: such are twelve genera, of which six are extinct genera, and four are peculiar to that formation and fauna. The genera found in the Pampean are marked(p), and those of the Subapennine (s). In the list from the Oregon localities, Mylodon and Auchenia were observed to be the only distinctively Pampean genera. As a conclusion of the comparison of the American Hquus beds in general © with those of Kurope, it may be stated that the number of identical gen- era is so large that we may not hesitate to parallelize them as stratigraph- ically the same. On the other hand, the agreement with the South American Pampean formation is somarked in some respects as to induce us to believe that the distinction is geographic rather than stratigraphic. Believing that the Pampean formation contains too large a percentage of extinct genera to be properly regarded, as it has been, as Postpliocene or Quaternary, its characters, both essentially and as a result of the com- parison which I have been able to make, refer it properly to the Pliocene.
*Proc. Acad. Phila. 1857, 156; Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 1869, 178.
No.1.) COPE ON HORIZONS OF EXTINCT VERTEBRATA. 49
It appears, then, that the term Pliocene or Subapennine is applicable to the horizon of this fauna in Europe and North and South America.
RESUME OF COMPARISONS.
The conclusions to be derived from the facts enumerated in the pre- ceding pages are as follows: 3
I. Portions of all the faune of all the primary divisions of geologic time have been recognized on both the European and North American con- tinents.
II. Parallels requiring general identification of principal divisions of these faunz may be detected. These are: the Coal-Measures; the Per- mian; the Laramie; the Maestrichtian; the Eocene; the Miocene.
‘TI. Exact identifications of restricted divisions may be made in a few instances only; such are the Turonian and the Niobrara; the Suessonian and the Wasatch; the Hquus beds and the Pliocene.
It is not impossible that some of the relations mentioned in II will be: by the accession of further information, referrible to the list of exact comparisons in III. In all cases of identification it will be necessary to employ the name first proposed with definition, for the horizon, other names taking places as synonymes. But in the majority of strata it will. be necessary to preserve the local names: thus those of Judith River, Bridger, White River, and Loup Fork, applying to beds having no exact equivalents in Europe, cannot be set aside for older ones, but must themselves be applied to corresponding faunal horizons elsewhere, should any such be found in future. And it will rarely happen that the minor subdivisions of such faunz will be found to have an extent sufficient to: warrant their having other than local names. '
In the accompanying diagram the series of strata of Europe and North America, as determined by their paleontology, are placed side by side for the purpose of comparison. Complete parallelism can only be predicated of divisions of the first order separated by horizontal lines. Such rela- tion is indicated by exact opposition of the areas representing the epochs in question. In giving the minor divisions of the European epochs I have generally restricted myself to those of the epochs which have American. equivalents. Where there is no equivalent on one side or the other, the vacancy is represented by a diagonal line. In employing names for epochs and their divisions, I have adhered to the law of priority as far as my knowledge of the literature allows.* I have given a few names to American formations, but only in instances where such had not been previously given. In such cases I have preferred employing the name of some characteristic genus of fossils, rather than one of local origin.
~*Inthe European system I have been much aided by the atlas of Prof. Renevier of Lau- sanne, and by the writings of Woodward, Gervais, Hébert, Pomel, Gaudry, Filhol, ete.
Bull. v, 1 4.
50 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL
SURVEY. [ Vol. V.
| if | |
WEST EUROPE.
Astian. ; Pliocene. | | Plaisancian. i Oeningian. | Oeningian. | Tortonian. | Falunian. Langhian. Aquitanian. | A quitanian. Stampian. | Tongrian. | Sestian. Bartonian. Parisian. Bruxellian. Suessonian. Suessonian.
Thanetian.
Maestrichtian.
Thanetian.
Campanian.
Senonian.
| Santonian.
Turonian.
Carentonian.
Rhotomagian.
Vraconian.
Albian.
Aptian.
Rhodanian.
‘Urgonian.
Hauterivian.
Cenomanian.
Cretaceous.
(Gant.
Urgaptian.
\Valangian.
Purbeckian.
Portlandian.
Kimmeridgian.
| Coraltian.
Wealden.
{| Post-cre-
Portland.
SR Se res | | Oxferdian. he a eC) vb ak labs
| Bathian.
Tertiary.
Jurassic.
NORTH AMERICA.
Pliocene.
Equus beds.
Megalonyx beds.
Procamelus beds. Loup Fork.
Ticholeptus beds. EET Oregon beds.
White River.
White River.
Green River. Wasatch.
Wasatch.
2 Puerco. Puerco. |
Fort Union. Laramie. =
Fox Hills.
Fort Pierre.
Niobrara.
Fort Benton.
Dakota. ST PS
Camarasaurus beds.
“Fe
1
No.1.) COPE ON HORIZONS OF EXTINCT VERTEBRATA. 5 | WEST EUROPE—Continued. NORTH AMERICA—Continued. Rhaetic. ees, Karnian. 2 ; Keuper. 8 Keuper. Norian. I = Muschelkalk. Thuringian. Clepsydrops shales. Permian. Permian. Lodevian. Eryops beds. ee ee a Coal-Measures. Coal-Measures. a Conglomerate. Coal period. - Coal period. Conglomerate. 2 . ° B Mountain limestone. & Mountain limestone. rare nee reee ener reread om | ; Jatskill. | Fammenian. Upper Devonian. S Cats z Upper Devonian. | Chemung. =) EHifelian. | Middle Devonian. | Hamilton. Corniferous. Coblenzian. Lower Devonian. Lower Devonian. ; Oriskany.
Ledburian. Ludlovian. Upper Silurian.
Wenlockian.
Llandoverian.
Caradocian.
Lower Silurian.
Liandeilian.
Tremadocian.
Primordial.
Siltirian.
See Sara
| Lower Helderberg. {
Upper Silurian. Salina, Niagara. Hudson. Lower Silurian. | Trenton. Calciferous. Primordial. Sa SS ee Potsdam.
Archzan.
52 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Vol. V.
The oldest of these I have called the Hryops beds, from the most abun- dant genus of Labyrinthodonts which is found init. They contain, also, abundance of other Vertebrata, none of which are higher than Reptilia (order Theromorpha), with plants, mollusks, ete. They consist of sand- stones, alternating with beds of red clay and coarse conglomerate and spherosiderite, ete. They are chiefly distributed in Northern Texas and Southern Indian Territory.
The Olepsydrops shale, named by me in 1865, forms a thin stratum, in Southeast Illinois and Southwest Indiana, consisting of black and rarely reddish carbonaceous shales and clays. These appear in some places to lie conformably on the Coal-Measures, to which they have been referred by previous geologists, but Collett, Gibson, and others have shown that it is unconformable over considerable areas. It does not belong to the Coal-Measures.
The Puerco marls were first observed by me in New Mexico in 1874, and afterwards found to have an extensive development in Southwestern Colorado, by Endlich, in 1875. He hasreferred them to the lowest place in the Tertiary series, but the absence of fossils renders it difficult to conclude whether they belong here or in the Laramie series.
The Oregon White River beds differ from those found east of the Rocky Mountains, although they contain a majority of the same genera, and many of the same species. They are wanting in the important genera Symborodon and Menodus. To represent these genera, they have Dwo- don, and, in addition, some peculiar genera of Rodentia, as Entoptychus, Pleurolicus, and Meniscomys, and the Suilline Palwocherus. Among Car- nivora, the genus Hnhydrocyon is, so far as known, characteristic of them.
The Loup Fork beds are represented in the valley of Smith’s River, Montana, by a horizon which may be somewhat older than that hereto- fore known. The fauna presents us with the typical genera Procamelus, Hippotherium, Protohippus, Mastodon, and Merycocherus, but, in addition, with the peculiar genera of Oreodontide, Ticholeptus, Cyclopidius, and Pithecistes,* and with Ruminants similar to Palewomeryx. These are wanting from the other parts of the formation, and I therefore name the two divisions the Ticholeptus and the Procamelus beds.
I have already mentioned the Megalonyx beds as the equivalents in — the east of North America of the Equus beds of Oregon and Califor- nia, but which present such important differences that they cannot be identified. The differences are displayed in the catalogues already given, the list of the Megalonyx fauna having been derived from the explora- tion of caves in Pennsylvaniat, Virginia, and Illinois. The remains of this fauna are by no means found in caves only, but are found in swamps and Pliocene clays. The extinct genera characteristic of the Megalonyx beds are Megatheriwm, Megalonyx, Castoroides, and Arctotheriwm; the — genera no longer living in North America, Hydrocherus, Tapirus.
* Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 1877, p. 219. t Loe. cit. 1871, p. 73.
dh
No. 1.} COPE ON HORIZONS OF EXTINCT VERTEBRATA. 53
Tn conclusion, it may be observed that the lacune in the series as pre- sented by one continent render us dependent on the other for the evidence necessary for the complete elucidation of the laws of the creation of ani- nnal life. Phylogenies can be thus constructed which would otherwise be impossible, and the results of researches into the earliest types of Vertebrata become intelligible. Thus I have been able to prove, in sup- port of a thesis published in 1874, that the earliest Ungulate Mammalia were pentadactyle and plantigrade. I have also shown that the ankle- joint had not, in the primitive Mammalia, the hinge-like character that it has in the later ones, but that it is without the interlocking superior articulation. The small size of the brain of early Mammalia, already pointed out by Lartet, has received extensive confirmation by the re- searches of Marsh, who has also shown the progressive increase in size of the whole body in various Mammalian lines. To these results I now add another, which is derived from the study of numerous Permian Ver- tebrata, viz, that the earliest land vertebrates had a persistent chorda dorsalis.
COMPARISON WITH THE SCALE DERIVED FROM PALAOBOTANY.
I now consider another kind of relation presented by the American and European horizons. I allude to the flor, for my knowledge of which I am necessarily dependent on the labors of others. I first ex- hibit the determinations of the ages of the American formations already discussed, made by Mr. Lesquereux on the basis of the vegetable re- mains which they contain. I place by the side of these my own deter- minations of the ages of the same beds, as already related. The former are derived from the full memoir of Mr. Lesquereux in the Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories for 1872, pp. 410-417. It will be observed that there is a constant discrepancy between the two tables.
Lesquereux. Formation. Cope. eee ee ane ee el OUP MOL Sse Hela ee Eee Miocene. Bee ee nies awk cee SES White River..............| Oligocene. Upper Miocene ..........- BEI REE Ate Seis ast ee Middle Eocene. ; Wasatch 24552452 u sie IMINO COMG me ctentse fre aan eo silo z Lower Eocene. Green Rivers25 -226- ower Wocene!:.J..2:h5.23. BArAMe ses aac sche. Upper Cretaceous.
If the determinations of Mr. Lesquereux be correct,* itis evident from the above that the vegetable life of North America reached its present condition one epoch or period earlier than the higher Vertebrata, and that the nomenclature is thus thrown back by so much. It would ap- pear that the recent flora of North America is a period older than the
- * The above parallels are well presented by Dr. Peale in his report to Dr. Hayden, Ann. Rept. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terrs. 1874, p. 141 et seq.
5A BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [ Vol. V.
fauna, i. e., has persisted longer than the latter by a certain length of geologic time. Applying the same reasoning to the past, I embodied the idea in reference to the Laramie period (‘‘ Fort Union”) in the state- ment that ‘a cretaceous fauna was then contemporary with a tertiary flora”; and, later, that ‘an eocene fauna was contemporary with a inio- cene flora.” Itmay have to be added that a miocene fauna was contempo- rary with a pliocene flora. Since Mr. Lesquereux has the support of the best paleobotanists of Europe, in his conclusions, it is useless to take the ground assumed by a few of my colleagues, that the former gentle- man has simply erred in his determinations. He gives us grounds for believing that he has not done so, by giving us the European standard by which his identifications are governed.* It is as follows:
Pliocene. -.... Lower limits not positively fixed; largely developedin Italy. ? (Sub- | apennine, E.D.C.)
Miocene -.--- Oeningian; Mayencian; Aquitanian.
Oligocene - --| Tongrian. =
Eocene... ---- Gypse of Aix; Alum Bay; Mt. Bolea; London Clay; Sheppey; Gres.
of the Sarthe. Upper Landenian; Sezanne (= Paniselian). Suessonian (Lignitic Soissonais; Sables de Bracheux); Lower Lan- Paleocene...){ denian. ee Gelinden. Limestone of Mons, overlying unconformably the Maestrichtian.
This system, it will be observed, is almost exactly identical with that employed in the preceding pages as the standard of comparison for the Vertebrata. Yet it has resulted, from a most careful comparison of both faunze and floree of America with this standard scale, that two distinct palzontological series have to be adopted, the one for the vertebrate life and the other for the plants of the Western Continent. If this re-— sult be accurate, and there appears to be no avoiding it, an explanation — must be sought. There are only two possible ones: either the animal © life of North America has lagged behind that of Europe by one period — during past geologic time; or, secondly, the vegetable life of America — has been equally in advance of that of Europe during the same period. ©
In other words, if the plant-life of the continents was contemporaneous, — ancient types of animals remained a period longer in North America — than in Europe. If animal life was contemporaneous, plant-life had ad- q _ vanced by one period in Europe beyond that which it had attained in North America. In either case, the faunal or the floral standard of esti- — mation of geologic age of strata for North America is a false one, since — there can be but one standard of comparison for anything. But this great fact being understood, the evidence of each of the great depart-— ments of life possesses its own intrinsic value.
*Ann. Report U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terrs. 1874, p. 285.
Art. Til.—Observations on the Faunz of the Miocene Tertiaries of Oregon.
By E. D. Cope.
A considerable number of Vertebrata, almost exclusively Mammalia, have been described by authors from the White River and Pliocene for- mations of Oregon. The descriptions are found in Professor Leidy’s con- tribution to the Final Report of the United States Geological Survey under Dr. Hayden (Vol. I); in those of Professor Marsh in the American Journal of Science; in a paper by Mr. Bettany in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London for 1876; and in a paper by myself (Paleontological Bulletin No. 30) in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, published in December, 1878.* Having recently had the opportunity of inspecting a considerable amount of material from the horizons in question, I give a list of the species which I have observed. A few new ones occur in collections received since the publication of my last paper, and are now described, together with some of interest from the Loup Fork beds of the same region.
White River Fauna.
TESTUDINATA.
STYLEMYS OREGONENSIS Leidy.
RODENTIA.
STENEOFIBER GRADATUS Cope.
STENEOFIBER ? NEBRASCENSIS Leidy.
MENISCOMYS HIPPODUS Cope.
MENISCOMYS MULTIPLICATUS Cope.
PLEUROLICUS SULCIFRONS Cope.
ENTOPTYCHUS CAVIFRONS Cope.
ENTOPTYCHUS PLANIFRONS Cope.
ENTOPTYCHUS CRASSIRAMIS Cope. . PAL ZOLAGUS HAYDENI Leidy.
*See also the American Naturalist, December, 1878. fa
56 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [ Vol. V. CARNIVORA.
HOPLOPHONEUS BRACHYOPS Cope. MACH ZRODUS STRIGIDENS Cope.
ENHYDROCYON STENOCEPHALUS, gen. et sp. nov.
Generic Characters.— Dental formula: I.?; C.+; Pm.$; M. 2. The superior premolars consist of two ordinary and one sectorial; the first and second are both compressed, two-rooted, and in the typical species with median lobe of posterior cutting edge. The two true mo- lars are transverse and tubercular. The three inferior premolars are all two-rooted, and with posterior lobe in the two known species. The heel of the sectorial is cutting, as in Temnocyon, and the internal tuber- cle is present. There is at least one inferior tubercular tooth; speci- mens are injured so as not to display a second.
In a nearly complete cranium belonging to the typical species of this genus, we observe the shortness of the facial part of the skull as com- pared with the length of the cerebral, and also the constriction of the skull behind the orbits. The zygomatic arches are robust and expanded, and the sagittal crest is high. The auditory bulle are inflated and thin- walled.
The dentition of this genus refers it to the Canide, but the a of the skull resembles that of Putorius vison and Lutra.
Specific Characters.—The principal cusps of the inferior premolars present cutting edges, as does the median posterior lobe. In both third and fourth there is a small conic heel posteriorly, but an anterior basal tubercle on the fourth only. The sectorial is large and robust, and the heel is short, with an absolutely median cutting edge. The first tuber- cular is longer than wide, and presents a nearly median cusp in front, which is joined to a low one on the internal border of the crown.
The superior canine has an obtuse cutting edge on the anterior and — posterior borders of the inner side. The first (third) superior premolar is near to it, and is rather large, displaying a median cutting lobe and low anon heel. The fourth is similar but larger. The sectorial is much worn in the only specimen where it is preserved; it is rather short, and is widened anteriorly. The first tubercular is large, and has con- siderable transverse extent; it is a little wider externally than inter- nally, and has much the form of the corresponding tooth in Canis. The second tubercular is transverse and small, not being much more than half the length of the first, and is situated in contact with it.
The cranium is remarkable for the anterior position of the orbits, and the associated shortening of the face and lengthening of the parietal region. The orbits look somewhat forwards and very little upwards. The superciliary region is slightly prominent, and there is a prelachrymal concavity. The infraorbital foramen is moderate, and is situated mostly above the posterior part of the fourth premolar. The muzzle is flat
No.1.] COPE ON MIOCENE FAUNZ OF OREGON. 57
above, and the nasal bones are wide, and are not emarginate above the osseous nares, as in many recent Carnivora. Posteriorly, the superior border of the brain-case descends, but the parietal bones maintain a gently convex outline in their high sagittal crest. The supraoccipital region is elevated, and projects posteriorly.
Measurements.
Specimen No. 1.
M.
Antero-posterior diameter of second superior premolar ..........-...-......... 0.010 Antero-posterior diameter of third inferior premolar...............-....-.--.. 0.013 sWedthio£ base of, third inferior premolar. __.-.......2.. 20. s.-.--2sc00--0--. 0.0065 Elevation of crown of third inferior premolar ...... BES SE SAAR eo SBEe RO EEe 0.010 Diameter of inferior sectorial } eR oe PMCS Gk oa ie (ee Oe at en
PVA OSE) Pon a5 KES Sob ocosaoneeesan Hsocoe 0.021 Bei imate besidimbercuans. 95) eel eek ek ge ee So NOL006
Specimen No. 2.
Beemer nO erAMiUmlys 25092 AS SsAc ss pense teh PA) AME ey le 0.170 Mrdthieross zyromatic arches s/s. “25206 aeeee efectos ee 0.114 SE eae HOM HONDIESe Ae oh a Sk tol ee a Aha as aa 0.024 Depth of cranium with crest at otic bulla ..-:-..--. 2-2 cece ee eee ee eee 0.070 Sate diamererOwOrbit asset sho oS tor 0.025 Length from orbit to end of muzzle (axial). ........2-...002-2 eee eee eee eee 0.040 PeEEROU Dall yulehrr res een k ei Ud Ok ere Mi iG) Le QOdg Wadih of muzzle above second premolar...... .-.--css-c--ces-cecee cece cece 0.018 PE eeeHU SONU POMOG WMOlal SCTICS)92 6s cc scdat ccs cute deeeeced ocee seks ool ies 0.051 so EL UD OL OUTDO DIS) COO nego aps Ra a Sg a a 0.012 SLL CES RUDE Sas I 2 eed ee Oe 0.016 Pees tncmansig mNercilare: 446625" lea. eee er, 02008 Pee emia i mb erculane: same se os lyase lie su deer dete hd Ale ONS Senet ne cond: pubereglanes 42s secs oe olan said is ec wae soeicieda dee cone 0008S
The length of the skull is about that of the Coyote, but it is much more robust in all its proportions excepting the postorbital constriction.
Discovered by Charles H. Sternberg in the Oregon White River beds of the John Day River region.
ENHYDROCYON BASILATUS, sp. Nov.
This Carnivore is represented by a mandible with codssified rami, which are broken off behind the sectorial teeth. The crowns of the latter and but one incisor and one canine tooth remain. The premolars and one canine are in good preservation.
These portions indicate an animal of the same general character as the Enhydrocyon stenocephalus, but of larger and more robust propor- tions, and characterized by many dental peculiarities. These will be at once pointed out. The canine is directed upwards and a little outwards, and possesses two obtuse ridges bounding the interior face. The third incisor is compressed and truncate superiorly and distally. The first (second) premolar is two-rooted, compressed, and trilobate. It consists of a principal cutting edge little elevated, and a small accessory lobe
58 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Vol. V.
at each extremity of the crown; its base is expanded posteriorly. The principal cusp of the third premolar is more elevated, and, besides the anterior and posterior tubercles, there is a basal posterior heel, which is continued as an expansion of the inner base of the crown. In the fourth premolar, the base of the crown is expanded, especially posteriorly ; the principal cusp has a nearly circular section at the base, and the posterior median lobe is a subconic tubercle standing on the middle of the heel. The sectorial is large and relatively rather narrow, but the details of its form are not ascertainable.
Measurements. ; M. Length of dental series, including canine and sectorial........---. -------« ---- 0.076 Hensthior the base ofthe sectorial:-- 222 cc. oo anes cos ece -- 1025 secece eeeeinele 0.024 Lenoth ot theipremolarsenesas ses sess sae alesee eens cel ola 12 oe nee 0.037 Length of -the/fourth, premolar s5 529452 = 42s eaqacsases sods = ocean ee eee 0.016 Widthiot the fourth premolars2- 2. 2023.2 5280-2. eainepenissyente.cce <in- 0 ete eee 0.009 Uength of the ‘third premolar: 3. -p-sceconeeecedss+~c- <2 < eee} eos cone seen mneeen Width ot the third premolars 2ec ect sets. ss oe ee ce oo nlelale sie 2 oneie sesh eee 0.008 Length of the second premolar ---..--- ian cls Cee ea cL ee 0.009 Width between centres of crowns of fourth premolars .......--.-..-----.----- 0.034 enethvot symphysis. - acd. as eed eee Seeders amin ts eis bie ee eee 0.035
This species was probably of the dimensions of the Gray Wolf. Found by Mr. Sternberg in the same region as the EZ. stenocephalus.
TEMNOCYON ALTIGENIS Cope. CANIS HARTSHORNIANUS Cope CANIS GEISMARIANUS Cope. CANIS CUSPIGERUS Cope. CANIS LIPPINCOTTIANUS Cope. CANIS GREGARIUS Cope.
PERISSODACTYLA.
DZODON SHOSHONENSIS Cope. ACERATHERIUM PACIFICUM Leidy. ANCHITHERIUM EQUICEPS Cope. ANCHITHERIUM BRACHYLOPHUM Cope. ANCHITHERIUM LONGICRISTE Cope.
ARTIODACTYLA.
ELOTHERIUM IMPERATOR Leidy. PALAOCHG@RUS CONDONI Marsh. PALZOCHGRUS PRISTINUS Leidy. PALZOCHG@RUS SOCIALIS Marsh. MERYCOPATER GUYOTIANUS Cope.
No.1.) COPE ON MIOCENE FAUNZ OF OREGON. 59
EUCROTAPHUS SUPERBUS Leidy. HUCROTAPHUS OCCIDENTALIS Marsh. MERYCOCHGRUS LEIDYI Bettany. MERYCOCHGRUS TEMPORALIS Bettany.
POEBROTHERIUM STERNBERGII, sp. nov.
This Ruminant is represented by a considerable part of the skeleton with both mandibular rami supporting the teeth, of one individual. The bones are all in close proximity, and sometimes in undisturbed relation, in a single block of stone.
The species to which I give the above name presents the characters already ascribed to the genus Poébrotherium by Leidy as regards cranial features, and by myself as regards the rest of the skeleton. The third and fourth metacarpals are not codssified, and the second and fifth are not distinguishable. The preservation of the premaxillary bone in this Species enables me to demonstrate the presence of superior incisor teeth, a character the presence of which I have heretofore only inferred. As compared with the P. vilsoni, the species differs in its superior size and greater relative robustness. This is seen in the greater depth of the mandibular ramus, and the greater stoutness of the metapodial and other limb-bones. The last inferior molar tooth presents a character- istic peculiarity. The anterior external cusp is separated by a deep groove which divides the external side of the crown to the base from the succeeding cusp. It results that on trituration, the anterior exter- nal crescent is isolated, and does not communicate by its posterior horn with the succeeding crescent, as in P. vilsoni. The last premolar is more robust than that of the P. vilsoni, the width of the half-worn surface being half the length of the tooth and enclosing behind an enamel fossa. In P. vilsoni, this tooth is more compressed, and the fossa is represented by an open groove. The first inferior premolar occupies the middle of the diastema following the canine, instead of standing near the canine as in P. vilsoni.
Measurements. i See ee fia ri St 0.020
APANSVELSOs soars Metis Adee os wis) iaiatales dink 0.009 Diameter of penultimate molar. - ; Pe UPS OP i rata TORRY vater a ThE PLAN Be
(DEANS VCISOks ams ohms See cts pas iain acine eos 0.009 ER Gh Rani 1h) SECOMM MOLL... Coc. cos cok oso e 2 2-222. wceee cecet seek. 0.025 Length of ramus from third molar to extreme posterior edge.......-----..----. 0.061 Length of metacarpus ....-....-.. oot eee teas tobe lies COIS Transverse proximal thomas of the ioe rience Beutel eetate ea polcieniein Soop 0029 Greatest diameter of the head of the humerus ,....----.-.-.-.---------------- 0.053 Antero-posterior diameter of the condyle of the femur-...-..-...-.---.---.---- 0.048
This species is named in honor of Charles H. Saye the indefati-
gable explorer of the fossil deposits of the West.
_BoOcHG@RUS HUMEROSUS, gen. et sp. nov.
Generic Characters.—The species on which this genus is founded, is represented by a part of the skeleton, which is unfortunately not accom-
60 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. . [Vol.v.
panied by cranial bones or teeth. The characters are, however, sufii- ciently clear for purposes of determination. The great tuberosity of the humerus is produced beyond the head, and does not close round the bicipital groove. The intertrochlear ridge is well developed, and there is no internal epicondyle; the external epicondyle is moderately devel- oped. On the carpal extremity of the ulno-radius, the facets of the scaphoid, lunar, and cuneiform bones, are distinguished by strong oblique ridges, and the last named is nearly in the horizontal line of the two others. In the carpus, the tray czoides is distinct, and the trapezium wanting. The uneiform is in contact with the lunar. Metacarpals two, distinct from each other, with free rudiments of the second and fifth at their proximal extremities. Their distal keels confined to the posterior faces of their extremities. Phalanges depressed 3 ungues short, obtuse.
In the above description is found a combination of characters not known to me to exist in any recent or extinct genus of Artiodactyla. Several of its features indicate affinity to the suilline division, while others point to the Ruminantia. The imperfect distal articulation of the metacarpals is characteristic of the extinct types Oreodontide and Poébrotheriide, and the two distinct metacarpals constitute the resem- blance to the latter family the stronger. The latter character is, how- ever, not inconsistent with the Omnivora, and the depressed phalanges add to the weight of affinity in this direction. The distal extremity of the humerus is much like that of a peccary. The distal articular sur- face of the ulno-radius points, however, again to the Ruminantia of the group Pecora, displaying a specialization quite in contrast with the primitive character of the metacarpo-phalangeal articulation. From these considerations it can be seen that it is not easy to affirm whether this genus possesses bunodont or selenodont dentition. If I may ven- ture an inference as to the affinities of the genus, I would suggest that it will be found to be as nearly allied to the Hypertragulide as to the Oreodontide, though not without suilline affinities.
Specific Characters.—The only species of this genus known to me is of large size. It is represented by the greater part of a scapula and both anterior limbs and feet; by the pelvis, femur, and part of tibia, and by some vertebrz; all found in immediate association by Mr. Sternberg. These remains indicate an animal of the size of the Rhinocerus indicus. The animal is characterized by the massive proportions of the humerus as compared with the femur, and by the short, robust form of the meta- carpals.
In the humerus, the external border of the great tuberosity is entire, and is not reverted, but descends backwards like the remainder of the surface. The apex of the great tuberosity is much recurved, rising steeply proximad of the head. The bicipital groove is deep. The lesser trochanter is large and simply conic; its transverse extent is not great. External to its base is a small tuberosity, which is represented in Bos, but not in Dicotyles or Sus. The deltoid crest is very prominent, de-
No.1.] COPE ON MIOCENE FAUNZ OF OREGON. 61
scending to the middle of the length of the humerus, before abruptly sinking to the shaft. Its continuation is very prominent as it crosses the axis of the shaft and becomes the anterior bounding ridge of the internal side of the distal extremity. The section of the shaft is thus subtriangular at all points, the obtuse apex of the triangles revolving from the external side proximally, to the internal distally. The external epicondyle is proximal to the condyle, as in Dicotyles, but is more prom- inent than in that genus, and more as in Oreodon. It is the extremity of the external acute edge of the humerus, which, rising from the shaft at a point 90° posterior to the extremity of the deltoid ridge, turns for- wards to the external epicondyle. The condyles are transverse and not much contracted from side to side. The intertrochlear ridge is sharper than in the species of Oreodon, Dicotyles, or Sus, and is continued round to the shaft anteriorly, asin Bos. The condyles otherwise resemble those of Dicotyles, not being so contracted in their free me reins as in Bos.
Measurements of the Humerus.
M. 2 BELL NSTGTIE 22 555.3 ees ee Soe Gab a Bea sa Ne ta na ee Src 0.500 [LEED TROT TAG AULD TEES se ee ee mR a at ae pea tec 0.425 Diameter of proximal end } antero-posterior DE OO RIO FOO OOO OS Ci Oe 0.140 TEARS VCYSE Aerewae st oo tes ane ER OL Pe 0.170 ; ite BILDEO-BUSHERUDE arisen tutes 5.1922 beat pyiiilic y (wdenlar mee GLO) Diameter ot head } LE LSS ELASTe) cies Soc oa ene ae eae Ee eee ee 0.100 Width of humerus near extremity of deltoid crest....--. 022. se222- eeecee ee... 0.130 antero-posterior. ...... 0.078 Diameter of shaft just below extremity of deltvid crest} PGea ee ‘3 S ULATISVCTSC) ee cea 0.065 petiitaitepicondyle Fe Ae ESO Ge a i i 0.130 Brame erse\diameter! of condyles Wes... yas) eee oe ket 0.120 anbermallhye2tG ete A vhaboyd as hg) ods 0.070 Antero-posterior diameter of condyles) Mi CONSTTMIGH OMe Spoils ae oi 0.055 exbernallyee asses Sacer ses oe eee sic, = LOSOSD
This bone has about the size of the corresponding one of the Rhino- cerus indicus.
The carpal extremity of the ulno-radius is extended transversely. The cuneiform or ulnar articular face forms posteriorly two-fifths the entire extremity, and is only recurved in the external part of its posterior border, which is very concave. The ridge which separates it from the Innar surface is very oblique, following just outside of the ulno-radial suture, and contracting the cuneiform facet anteriorly. Distally and posteriorly it forms the external border of the posteriorly reverted lunar facet, bounding a deep fossa, which is posterior to the cuneiform facet on its inner side. The lunar facet widens behind at the expense of the seaphoid, so that the scapho-lunar ridge is even more oblique than the luno-cuneiform. This ridge disappears supero-anteriorly, and the lunar facet is recurved upwards, occupying the distal extremity of a strong median ridge of the ulno-radius. The reverted portion is almost a half circle in outline, and is partly continuous with the scaphoid facet. The
62 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Vot. V.
latter is subtriangular in outline, its apex being the point of conjunction of the scapho-lunar ridge with the internal border, just posterior to its greatest convexity. Its superior boundary is interrupted by the wide groove which separates the median ridge from the internal border of the distal part of the radius.
Measurements of the Ulno-radius.
M. Mransversevdiameter, Oval eee soy o-tatoe ae elleiae see ae oie cients wie ere alee ere 0.140 Rransverse diameter ofailwa2 si. <a 2c) oekieees oos/kecenies ee ee see eee 0.050 estermall ly: sc. 2o.yacsceee eer 0.035 ‘ sida? j | atimiddile of almaic =” 2 eisai 0.021 Antero-posterior diameter of articular face of OE Tes 0.055 internally). Ss sstces se see eee 0.045
But for the extent and transverse position of the ulnar portion of this articular face, it might be regarded as pertaining to a typical Ruminant.
The length of the carpus is about three-fourths its width, the proximal elements being larger than the distal. A feature of its anterior face is the close approximation of the inferior angle of the lunar to the superior angle of the third metacarpus, which allows the magnum and unciform a very slight contact. The external face of the scaphoid is chiefly lat- eral; its posterior border is a vertical, short tuberosity. The proximal face is abruptly decurved at the anterior outer angle, to meet the lunar. There are two separate oval superior lunar facets, and one narrow an- terior inferior one. The inferior face is nearly equally divided by a low cross ridge which fits a concavity of the posterior part of the mag- num. The lunar is the largest bone of the carpus. Its proximal face is decurved anteriorly, posteriorly, and on each side, and is twice as long as wide at the middle. The postero-internal and antero-external angles are produced, the latter into a compressed process which articu- lates with the adjacent angle of the cuneiform. Besides this facet there is one other for the cuneiform, which occupies the posterior half of the inferior part of the outer side, and is separated from the superior edge by a deep groove. The unciform facet is in front nearly as wide as that of the magnum, but grows gradually narrower posteriorly. The facet for the magnum is concave, and grows very wide posteriorly, with the posterior internal angle produced downwards. The proximal facet of — the cuneiform is very concave, the anterior and posterior borders being elevated, and the internal and external decurved; the latter prolonged a little backwards. Below this extremity on the external aspect is a fossa. The pisiform facet makes an angle of 90° with the ulnar, and extends behind and along the posterior edge of the latter to its apex: The unciform facet is simple, and is in shape a right-angled triangle with convex hypothenuse. The posterior aspect of this bone is concave.
The proximal face of the trapezoides is longer than wide, convex an- tero-posteriorly, and subdiamond-shaped. The inferior face is narrow © subdiamond-shaped, and has less than half the area of the proximal. — There is a small round tuberosity on the posterior border, and no trace
No.1.) COPE ON MIOCENE FAUNZ OF OREGON. 63
of facet for a trapezium. The anterior face of the magnum is wider than long, and is divided into three planes. The proximal extremity is di- vided into two areas by a high antero-posterior keel. The inner area is the larger, and is bounded by the entire superior border of the anterior face of the bone. The outer area, or the lunar facet, extends very ob- liquely downwards, most so in front, where it forms the external side of the magnum. It is interrupted by a large sinus, which leaves the pos- terior portion of the face narrow and transverse. Behind it is.first 2 fossa and then two short tuberosities, one above and external to the other. The inferior face is undivided, and is concave antero-posteriorly, and convex transversely. The unciform is the second bone of the car- pus in size. Its anterior face is broader than long, and is convex trans- versely. The inner face has in front a large trapezoidal facet for the third metacarpus, which is only separated from that of the lunar by the angle. _The superior face is divided, by an angular ridge nearly parallel with the inner border, into two unequal faces for the lunar and cunei- form. The latter is half as wide posteriorly as long, and terminates an- teriorly in an obtuse angle. The distal face is undivided, but is recurved postero-externally, apparently offering a narrow facet for the fifth meta- carpus. This face nearly meets the cuneiform face posteriorly. Behind both the unciform is produced into a decurved, subconic tuberosity.
Measurements of the Carpus.*
M.
i ; antero-posterior ..---.-.....--.-- 0.066 Diameter of scaphoid .-.......2--2 2-2-6. -- ; lgneiieaial ca yaaa ie Diameter of proximal face of scaphoid ...... ; SENSES IE) ee CE eee Bae
LLANSVETSOs eset wees ec casts cree 0.030 Diameter of distal face of scaphoid ...-...-. ; HILL G, Be SHOnOE Se ete - tee 0.048 ANS VieTSeg sss 4 -eesserselos soe 0.023 iannrersd anteriorly ....-..4- 0.047 Diameter of proximal face of lunar ....-.-. } ; = ts ; cane =-Aesasae 0.032 LOS TCUMTHAN eS Seer ee eee soe he 0.053 Diameter of anterior face of lunar ...-..... i longitudinal ..-...-.-...--.-+-+-- 0.048 transverse ...-.. So RR CS PAS) SSS 0.032 noice GhOMOTaRT ee eee ES antero-posterior, oblique ..------- 0.059 transverse, behind .......-...---- 0.040
p é . antero-posterior, .........-.--.--- 0.040 Diameter of proximal face of cuneiform... ; UTE EM tent rn we in 0.044
4 , : antero-posterior ...--..5...--.-.- 0.040 Diameter of distal face of cuneiform ....-... i MEGA OP eet 0.031 ele HRM AL EN ENE ZOIMOSM 1 Asolo. eee sa a eS Dock spe Pec kce enticed eames 0.027 Diameter of proximal face of trapezoides... ; antero-posterior -----..-+---- ---- 0.029
e PANS VCLSC: ae a saitaseoone eee ot 5-ie 0.016
é . Diameter of distal end of trapezoides .-..-. ; antero-posterior ..----. .---++---- 0.020 EAN S VGLNG sia loi ctesatainie = <.<)= ainf= =m 0.010 ap fanee Anbenlonly eos. se-- 0.029 Diameter of magnum ..-.......--. sehr sel rongituainal externally....-..-- 0.040 x transverse, posteriorly -.-.-..---- 0.047 es outer side..-.. 0. 055
* These measurements are always the greatest, and are axial, or in straight lines.
64 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [ Vol. V.
Measurements of the Carpus—Continued.
7 M.
Diameter of lunar face of magnum.....-.-- ; antero-posteriorly -.--.----. ----- 0.046 TPANSVersely = 1-5-2) oss 2 scene 0.031
Diameter of distal face of magnum ..--.--- ; antero-posteriorly -...-----. --+-- 0.040 fraNSVerselyca- > ----eee= see --- 0.048
antero-posterior ....<. -.<c..s2-<. 0.080
Diameter of unciform ........-.--..----.-- } transverse. ..-- éyalonrerd emer 0.053 longitudinal, in front.......-..-.. 0.040
Teen OTT TACO eee ee antero-posterior -....-. -----.-28- 0.047 aie } transverse (least) .----.---------- 0.016 Diameter of cuneiform facet...-.....------ ; EUELOAPOSLEMOE (---- eee 0.052 transverse (behind)...-.. ....--.. 0.028
Diameter of 4th metacarpal facet.......... ; amberO-POsterior - ---- === --aa- 0.044 LIANSVCISC hema. | ane eee eee 0.046
As already remarked, this carpus displays resemblances to some re- cent types, and possesses some which are not known among living Artiodactyla. 'The inferior face of the scaphoid is narrower from side to side than in the kuminantia or Sus, Dicotyles only approaching but not equalling it in this respect. The strong inferior keel of the lunar ex- ceeds that seen in any of the Ruminantia or Omnivora. The pisiform facet is more oblique than in those groups. The posterior tuberosities of the magnum and unciform are larger than those of the genera of either group, while the distinct trapezoides, the slightly shortened mag- num and unciform, and slight decurvature of the cuneiform facet of the unciform posteriorly, are suilline characters.
The metacarpals are robust, but flattened antero-posteriorly. The rudi- ments of the second and fifth are free, and the latter is the larger. The third has a considerable surface of contact with the unciform; its an- terior face displays two shallow fossa, one at each superior angle. The corresponding positions on the fourth metacarpal are occupied by two low bosses. Otherwise the surfaces of the shafts of these bones are uni- form. Tbe phalangeal articular face is well reverted anteriorly and posteriorly, and is not bounded by a transverse depression anteriorly above. The carina is short, though prominent, and extends to the middle of the distal extremity. The lateral distal tuberosities are very low.
Measurements of the Metacarpatls.
M. Hien sbhyof IM. WT 22). reer atere i eea eo oe aahciosie sate ere = eee 0.210 Wenoth:ot MTV 22 ee sot bate eos Eee oss cens eecaeess aoeesee een eee 0.190 4 2 transverse (total).....-----...--.-.-- 0.063 _ Diameter of M. III proximally .-.......- ; pnicconposterion) sae eae 0.055 i : LLANSVCTSC seus se oe oe ee eee 0.053 M. Hivaveis sieroo- ee woe Pag eee eae bally: antero-posterior (chord)......-.------ 0.045 , ‘ TPANSVEESE 654342 ce ceo oas Gos 0.054 Diameter of M. IV proximally ......... es cage Tl ae noe ; , EL AMISWiETSC iets eye he ee eae 0.043 P IS Ga yng Fie er Sticke pbs ACh 4g Wainy Sob abe UNO wa 6 MEIN Eek Th ic ance aia ; Ree A See ee antero-posterior (chord)..........--..- 0.048 Teength of MMM sets! sete iatiedttewaepiieeae soass Ue ca beeen ee ote ea 0.055 dhength jot My Viera << act j- jae onie Se nolan vie wee Saem ine ones ene Schau sero ee em
Diameter of M. V antero-posteriorly .... 2.2... 222020 eee n ne coen cccccnce coceccceee 0,021
No.1.) COPE ON MIOCENE FAUNZ OF OREGON. 65
The phalanges are more depressed than in any genus of Artiodactyla known to ine, excepting Hippopotamus. The proximal articular surface of the first is gently concave, with the anterior border not produced. The shaft is not contracted, and is regularly convex above or anteriorly. The distal articular face is narrower above and not produced. The superior border of the proximal face of the second phalange is produced medially. The distal face is narrowed and produced upwards, so as to stand in high relief, from which it results that the middle of the shaft is very concave above. The external and internal borders of the inferior or posterior part of the distal face, are produced backwards, covering lateral basal ridges of more than half the length of the shaft, which form the inferior border of lateral fosse. One unguis is preserved. It is distinct in form from that of Hippopotamus, Sus, or Dicotyles, and re- sembles that of the llama. It is short, obtuse, and compressed. The external face is nearly plane fore and aft, and slightly convex vertically, The inner is convex fore and aft, and concave vertically. The profile descends steeply to the apex, the curve commencing but little beyond the base. The inferior face is at right angles to the interior face, and is moderately wide. .
Measurements of the Phalanges.
M. Meera lencity of first/of M. DVi-.+---\co.000o<ce oe carane ona Ba a ia Sa cies 0.066 = i 42, BeECoOxin al diameter tietce sce. tes seek e ees ocak ; antero-posterior ......-.--- 0.042 DRAUSS VELSC hee er ee ae eee 0.055 Mirualidinmeter fo i antero-posterior (median) -. 0.030 transverse (greatest)-..-... 0.055 Metianleusiin of second phalange i221. cee el) och. deseo cee oe ane 0.055 : : antero-posterior ....- ---.. 0.035 Diameter of second phalange proximally ........ ; nie Meee Tre ey NT, ave 4 : antero-posterior ....-..---- 0.032 Diameter of second phalange distally -......--.. i ged cntmeoge et niii 43 GLA Length of ungual phalange below...-.......----. -----.--- Dante aes Bet dna: 0.042 oe + antero-posterior -....-..-.. 0.032 eee diameter of ungual phalange .......--- ; nike ea ce aie BO EE 0.025
The femur is slender as compared with the humerus, and of moderate length. The great trochanter is produced, but not beyond the line of the convexity of the head, and is not much recurved. The expanse externally is about as great as that of the head internally. The tro- chanteric fossa is not large, and is cut off below by a plane surface at the base of the great trochanter, whose superior border forms a curved line connecting the great and little trochanters. The latter is large and projects well inwards. The fossa ligamenti teris is large and central, having no connection with the border of the head of the femur. The posterior side of the shaft is flat, and the anterior face regularly convex. The two faces meet externally in a well-marked representative of the linea aspera. The rotular face of the femur is short and wide, with the _ borders somewhat oblique, and the inner edge is higher than the outer at its proximal part. It is strongly convex from above downwards, and
Bull. v, 1——5
66 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Vol.V.
does not connect below with the condylar surfaces. Its entire inferior border is well defined and angulate. The condyles are well separated, and the intercondylar fossa is wide above or anteriorly. The external is a little the larger, and the internal is distinguished by the presence of a deep lateral fossa.
The head of the tibia is characterized by a distinet bifid spine, and a low, wide crest, which presents an open, shallow groove forwards. The articular faces are of subequal width, but the external is shortened an- teriorly by the usual notch; it is eo decurved posteriorly.
e Measurements of the Femur.
M. Expanse proximally (greatest) .- 2225 252 .ssiseebic cd ale cont) Cie cic ood ee ixpanse proximallyatextremiliy -22. 22s eecnas ecco oe os coe ee 0.150 Diameter OF Mead own a wna ean nn eee ens one cong whee we ee conn none ne ones 0.068 Diameter of shaft at middle } BILEEO:DOSLBHOTLY fee -22 tes ote ae pews transversely. 2.2 se isdt eee LS Length of chord of rotnlar face-)..2... 0222244 Soules ies onde 2nd Wiadthiof rotular face os (oo hoe Cece ee wels saci ee eet ou 1. tl ae Expanse of condyles (sréatest) fs. J2222252 05022! Joc beck eok. oe co Greatest chord of distal end of femur.......... .- 6.2200 soo -oce ce oe eel hoe Measurements of the Tibia. M. Diameter of head of tibia} antero-posterior hd oa laid IC IC eo I 0.130 transyerse« Yes! sossel file 222 seh ee
The form of the head of the tibia is much like the corresponding region in Oreodon culbertsoni ; but the characters of the femur do not resemble those of that species, particularly as regards the distal ex- tremity.
A peculiarity of the long bones of this species is seen in their very large medullary cavities. This is especially true of the humerus, whose walls are remarkably thin; those of the femur are thicker.
This species was found Ds Mr. C. H. Sternberg in the John Day River region.
LEPTOMERYX EVANSI Leidy.
HYPERTRAGULUS CALCARATUS Cope.
This species is much more abundant in the John Day River deposit than the Leptomeryx evansi. The two genera represent a peculiar fam- ily, which I call the Hypertragulide, with the following characters:
Selenodont Ruminantia with an interrupted dental Series, codssified
‘ulna and radius, cuboid and navicular bones, and third and fourth me-
tapodial bones. Only two continuous metapodial bones, their distal articular extremities not presenting a complete trochlear keel. No fibula.. Premolars except the fourth, cutting.
This family connects the Trag ide with more apical Ruminantia. It differs from that family in the absence of the fibula and the external metapodial bones. From the typical Ruminantia or Pecora, it differs
ie
No.1.] COPE ON MIOCENE FAUNZ OF OREGON. 67
in the incompleteness of the trochlear keel of the metapodials, and the trenchant character of the premolars, excepting the last.
The species of the preceding list which I have observed in other locali- ties are the following, which I procured in the White River beds of Kastern Colorado: Palcolagus haydeni, Canis hartshor nianus, Canis Lippincottianus, Canis gregarius, Leptomeryx ev ansi, Hypertragulus cat- caratus. Professor Leidy has recognized a number of species as those previously found in the White River beds of Dakota by Dr. Hayden.
Loup Fork Fauna.
Two new species were obtained by Mr. Sternberg at this horizon, which present characters of considerable interest. They are as fatten
LUTRICTIS? LYCOPOTAMICUS, sp. nov.
This Carnivore is pene d by a left mandibular ramus, which con- tains alveoli and crowns of the canine and molars, excepting those pos- terior to the sectorial. These teeth have the formula, four premolars, of Mustela and of the Dogs, but the sectorial is much more like that of Lutra than that of either of the genera named. The heel of this tooth is
long, and encloses a wide space transversely, while the sectorial portion
ia
is short and low, and includes a large internal tubercle. In the absence of the tubercular, teeth, the generic reference is uncertain; but its char- acters agreeing, so far as they go, with the genus Lutrictis of Pomel, I refer it there provisionally.
The first premolar only is one-rooted; the third is wide behind, develop- ing a low heel. The heel of the foci is a little better Aeetioged and there is a small anterior basal cutting lobe; there is also a tubercle on the posterior cutting edge at the middle. The three cusps of the anterior part of the sectorial tooth are situated at the corners of an imaginary equilateral triangle. The heel continues the width of the crown, is wider than long, and is abruptly truncate behind. It supports a long cutting edge just within the external border, and a shorter one on the internal. The surface of the enamel is smooth. There are two mental foramina, one below the interval between the first and second premolars, the other beneath the anterior root of the third premolar.
Measurements. M. Length of molar series without tubercular ...2. 22-2 cess. cs eo onecee coca cece 0.0220 ; ‘ eae ti CLG OS LETH ORs ax dey es clot ayaa) ot iclola ad Sicha alan 0.0066 Diameter of sectorial } transverse wR eS A RU A Sree SED ORI ly AAS a a 0.0040 ECHIMOEINCE yon SCeuOIIAl:dececkl is. toeek a Le eR oe. 0.0024 Hensth of fourth premolar .....-......-.----2. .eccee SES ces SR EE Sg 0.0045 ea inon Oiinaribprcmolar se Skee Louie 2h. coee le scl oe oti cersec eee 0.0036
From the Loup Fork formation of Cottonwood Creek, Oregon; dis- covered by Charles H. Sternberg. PROTOLABIS TRANSMONTANUS, sp. nov.
A nearly complete cranium, without lower jaw, of an adult animal, is
68 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. |
the basis of our knowledge of this species. It presents the characters of the genus in the following superior dental formula: I. 3; 0.1; P.m. 4; al M. 3. The first premolar is situated in the middle of a thee diastema,, and a short one separates the canine from the third incisor.
On comparison of this species with the P. heterodontus, the type, and heretofore the only known species of the genus, various characteristic peculiarities may be observed, which will be noticed in the course of the | description. It is considerably smaller than the P. heterodontus, resem- | bling in its dimensions the ‘Procamelus occidentalis. |
The crown of the secopd superior incisor is directed forwards, and the | cutting edge is oblique to the long axis of the tooth. The first incisor is equally large, and its alveolus occupies the apex of the premaxillary bone. In P. heterodontus, the alveolus is smaller, and the apex extends considerably beyond it. The third incisor has a conic crown, with sub- round section. In P. heterodontus it is more robust, and is oval in see tion, with weak posterior cutting edge. The canine is less robust than the third incisor, and is about as far posterior to it as the latter is from the second incisor. The crown is slightly compressed, and is less robust than that of P. heterodontus.’ The first premolar is still weaker, and the crown is compressed; the roots are only discrete at their extremiGial It is situated a little more than one-third the distance between the canine and second premolar behind the former. The second premolar is well developed, and is two-rooted. The third premolar is also large, with the grinding surface of the crown about half as wide as long. It has a strong internal basal cingulum, which on attrition encloses a groove-like fossa with the principal crown. The external face of the crown is gently convex between an anterior and a posterior ridge. The internal face of the crown is uniformly convex. The fourth premolar has both crescents well developed. Its grinding face is subsemicircular, and there are a strong anterior’and a weak posterior external vertical ridge. In P: heted rodontus, the grinding surface of this tooth is more nearly subquadrate.
The true molars are subquadrate in horizontal section, and have short crowns, well distinguished from the roots. The anterior horn of each ex- ternal crescent is prolonged, constituting a section of a prominent verti-— cal external ridge of the crown at each point. The external sides of the columns are but slightly convex. The inner sides of the internal col-) umns are strongly convex. The enamel borders of the lakes are abso- lutely simple, and there are no included enamel fosse. The posterior outer angle of the last superior molar is not produced.
As compared with the true molars of P. transmontanus, those of the P. heterodontus are relatively smaller in transverse diameter. The mas- ticating surfaces of the crowns of the second and third are thus more. elongate in outline. They are also rather more prismatic, and the last two apparently occupied longer time in the process of protrusion. They are much larger than those of P. transmontanus. :
The foramen infraorbitale issues above the middle of the fourth pre-
No.1.] COPE ON MIOCENE FAUNZ OF OREGON. 69
molar. In P. heterodontus it issues above the anterior part of the first true molar. A sharp angle separates the exterior and extero-inferior faces of the malar bone.
Measurements. M. Length of dental series from base of first incisor .....2. .----. e--- eeecee ve eeee 0.257 eee T EC ISOLSON CHONG. etc anlgcne sas cee. can = ce, 4<s, ofaslareenenda=saae 0.028 Spacejpebween, vhbITd iNCisOr and) CANING).. 225-2235. seco cseccs sete mecassoee os 0.006 eu TMCLO NI Of GILG IMCISON —-- ass 2 crn cece eco ems Seo scneaae vocthasne noes 0.013 Antero-posterior diameter of third incisor ....-...-.--.-----ccsee wcccee cones 0.008 Length of interval between canine and first premolar .... .-.--..------------- 0.011 Length of interval between first premolar and second premolar ...-...----.--- 0.020 Bepenmon three contiguous premolars .--. <--. -s-.---c--- we ne-n eee secece nese 0.035 Me et Sule OMI OLOM Olan sem aeia em iceslaotaiclncic sseciee stiss snicces soecealoecse ce 0.014 Sia omnia premolar (STEALESL) —2-—.2-c0.-25-ce scecec cece Hose ceca acwoes ooee 0.0075 ee PEE HEN ES INOIA SORIOS) .o20 oacissa a dos > ~ociecein Smee coes,eseceeenceiee se ens O.0D7 Diameter of second true molar} See Ee BO SUEIOI = seater snianat=4 dacinat stot oe IAT SVOTSO eae a nioveiate as eleps/4 ene Seiaidtcleere asine 0.018 Diameter of third true molar } ETRE ESOS SE CE CE Ea Cee DAM SVOTSOl-yeeisisision sisiniaieclstaiiev ee sieve ciciniciateian io ataele 0.019
Discovered by C. H. Sternberg in the Loup Fork beds of Cottonwood Creek, Oregon.
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| Art. IV.—Notes on the Birds of Fort Sisseton, Dakota Territory.
By Chas. E. McChesney, Acting Assistant Surgeon U.S. A.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
? Fort SIssETon, DAkoTa TERRITORY, December 25, 1878.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith my notes on the Birds of the vicinity of Fort Sisseton, Dakota Territory. I beg to tender you the use of these notes in any connection in which you may see proper to use them.
As you are aware, I have spent considerable time during the past three years in a zoological examination of this region, and, as the locality has never been reported upon in the interest of ornithological science, I submit these notes as an attempt to fill the gap. j
In many respects, the region differs from any other part of the Northwest. The “Coteau des Prairies” consists of an extensive plateau, rising, somewhat abruptly, nearly four hundred feet above the level of the surrounding country, having a length of over one hundred miles, and a variable width of from twenty to fifty miles. Upon this elevated plateau are many lakes, which are the annual resort of thousands of waders and wild fowl, and the region differs greatly in its fauna from that of the lower country.
Descriptions of the game birds occurring in Dakota and Montana are incorporated in these pages. This has been done in accordance with the wish of many officers of the Army stationed in these Territories, and their publication would be of great benefit to a class of intelligent gentlemen from whose observations at the various posts on the frontier we may reasonably hope for much addition to our knowledge of the habits and occurrence of birds in different localities. These descriptions have been taken, with modification, from your ‘‘Key to North American Birds,” by your per- mission, for which, as well as for valuable assistance rendered me in identifying speci- mens sent you at various times, I am under great obligations.
I am, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, CHAS. E. McCHESNEY,
Acting Assistant Surgeon U. 8. A. Dr. ELLIoTT CovuEs, U.S. A.,
Secretary U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D, C.
TURDID A.
TURDUS MIGRATORIUS, L.—Robin. This bird appears about April 24, in small numbers, but the locality does not seem to be well suited to its summer residence, probably on
account of scarcity of timber, for the bird migrates in a few days, to 71
72 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. (Vol. V.
return in larger numbers about September 28, and finally disappears for the season, October 28, on the approach of winter. It may breed, sparingly, on the slopes of the Coteau, in the deep ravines.
TURDUS SWAINSONI ALICIA, (Bd.) Coues.—Alice’s Thrush.
Is seen here for the first time each season about the 20th of May; is not common at any time, and is generally confined to the dense foliage of the thick undergrowths. I have never heard its song here.
MIMUS CAROLINENSIS, (L.) Gr.—Catbird.
Appears about the 1st of June, and remains until the end of Septem-. ber, in large numbers. Breeds here. Is usually found in the low and thick undergrowths, and is one of the most restless of our birds.
HARPORHYNCHUS RUFUS, (L.) Cab.— Brown Thrasher.
Usually appears by the end of April, and remains until the end of September, in limited numbers; breeds here. The Brown Thrasher, as a rule, is found only in thick timber, the outer edges of which it occasionally skirts, and I have found it to be very shy during the entire period of its stay here, so that the acquisition of specimens is very difficult.
SAXICOLID A.
SIALIA SIALIs, (L.) Haldeman.—Lastern Bluebird.
The typical Eastern Bluebird is found here; usually appears by the 10th of May, and I believe a very few remain through the summer in some of the heavily wooded ravines on the slopes of the Coteau, as now and then one is seen in July and August. Isat no time common.
PARID A.
PARUS ATRICAPILLUS, Linn.—Black-capped Chickadee.
Is seen from September 28 until November 14, and occasionally later, in large numbers. When nearly all of our small birds have departed, the Black-capped Chickadee remains to represent bird-life during that short interval between fall and winter. I have rarely observed it here after November, and presume it departs before winter fairly commences.
TROGLODYTID A.
TROGLODYTES DOMESTICUS, (Bartr.) Coues.—House Wren.
June 6, 1877, I secured at the Post one specimen of true 7. domesticus, and not var. parkmani, the usual Western Wren. Several were seen in the woods during the summer of 1877, which were probably of the latter variety, but no specimens were secured. Var. parkmani arrives in May, and, I believe, does not take its departure before October.
No.1. M‘CHESNEY ON BIRDS OF DAKOTA. 73
ALAUDIDA.
EREMOPHILA ALPESTRIS, (Iorst.) Boie—Horned Lark.
Appears September 28, and is found in small numbers until November 15, when, as a rule, it leaves this vicinity. Returns from the middle of February to the middle of March, and is then found in large numbers — in company with the Snowbird (Junco hyemalis), with which it lives on terms of the utimost intimacy, and seems to tuke its departure about the same time, i. ¢., April 17.
OCccasionally the Horned Lark is observed here during the entire winter months, but such only occurs during mild seasons, although this bird is able to withstand considerable cold.
SYLVICOLID ZA.
MNIOTILTA VARIA, (L.) V.—Black-and-white Creeper.
This Creeper is seen in numbers from May 20 until the 1st of June in each year, after which date its numbers rapidly diminish, and I be- lieve it entirely withdraws from this vicinity by the middle of June.
e DENDRECA ASTIVA, (Gm.) Bd.—Swummer Warbler.
This bird arrives about May 17, and remains until September 17; is found in large numbers. Breeds here. Wherever there is timber in this region, the Summer Yellowbird will there greet you, warbling its notes, and hopping about from bough to bough, as happy, apparently, as possible; for nothing ever appears to go wrong with the Summer Yellowbird.
DENDR@CA CORONATA, (L.) Gr.— Yellow-crowned Warbler.
This Warbler arrives about the 10th of May each year, and is seen in numbers in the thick foliage of the smaller trees during a week or ten days. Does not pass the summer in this region.
DENDR@CA BLACKBURNLA®, (Gm.) Bd.—Blackburnian Warbler. Occurs only as a spring migrant. Arrives usually the 20th of May, and tarries but a day or two in this vicinity before resuming its north- ' ward flight.
DENDR@CA STRIATA, (Forst.) Bd.—BLlack-poll Warbler.
Arrives about the 10th of May, and is seen in numbers until the 20th of that month, after which date only a few scattering ones are iet with; and I believe it does not breed anywhere in this vicinity, or, if so, very sparingly, in the thick undergrowth of the woods. I have never met with it after June 15.
DENDR@CA PENNSYLVANICA, (L.) Bd.—Chestnut-sided Warbler. The Chestnut-sided Warbler is not common in this region. It ar-
T4 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Vol. V.
rives about May 20, but soon passes on, so that by the 1st of June none are to be seen here. Breeds further north. DENDR@CA MACULOSA, (Gmn.) Bd.—Black and Yellow Warbler.
Occurs during the spring migration, and usually arrives by May 20, in some numbers, but soon disappears, as I have not seen any after the first week in June.
DENDR@OCA PINUS, (Wils.) Bd.—Pine-creeping Warbler.
Is seen, in small numbers only, from May 22 until about the-1st of
June each year; does not breed on the “Coteau des Prairies,” to my knowledge. SIURUS NZV1US, (Bodd.) Coues.— Water Thrush.
May 14, 1878, while out collecting in the vicinity of Fort Sisseton, Dakota Territory, I secured a single specimen of the Water Thrush. This is the only one I have seen here, and its presence is believed to be rare or casual.
GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS, (L.) Cab.—Maryland Yellowthroat.
This bird occurs regularly during the spring migrations, being ob. served about the 1st of June, not, however, in any numbers. It does not spend the summer in this vicinity.
MYIODIOCTES CANADENSIS, (L.) Aud.—Canadian Fly-catching Warbler.
This Warbler arrives by the 22d of May, and is seen in some num- bers for a few days, but appears to depart by the 1st of June, as I have never observed it after that date.
SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA, (L.) Sw.—Redstart.
Arrives between the 15th and 20th of May, each year, in, small num- bers. Breeds and then departs.
HIRUNDINIDA.
HIRUNDO HORREORUM, Barton.—American Barn Swallow.
Is found in small numbers from about May 25 until September 19. Breeds about the stables and often in the deserted buildings in the vicinity of the post.
TACHYCINETA (IRIDOPROCNE [*]) BICOLOR, ve Coues.— W hite-bellied Swallow.
I saw quite a number of White-bellied Swallows at Fort Sisseton, June 3, 1878, and secured specimens. I did not meet with it during either 187 6 or 1877, and do not think it regularly visits this region. PETROCHELIDON LUNIFRONS, (Say) Cab.—Oliff Swallow.
Appears May 4, and takes its departure about August 9; very abund-
ant, and breeds here. As civilization advances, so does the Cliff Swal- —
[* Iridoprocne, g. n., Cours, B. C. V. i. 1878, p. 412; type H. bicolor, V.]
eT
No.1.] M‘CHESNEY ON BIRDS OF DAKOTA. 75
low; for here, as elsewhere, this Swallow has deserted his native cliffs for the buildings, which they persist in using, notwithstanding their nests are often roughly handled. I have seen a pair cheerfully